目录
- 284.设四阶方阵 A = [ α , γ 2 , γ 3 , γ 4 ] , B = [ β , γ 2 , γ 3 , γ 4 ] \bm{A}=[\bm{\alpha},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4],\bm{B}=[\bm{\beta},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4] A=[α,γ2,γ3,γ4],B=[β,γ2,γ3,γ4],其中 α , β , γ 2 , γ 3 , γ 4 \bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4 α,β,γ2,γ3,γ4均为四维向量,且 ∣ A ∣ = 5 , ∣ B ∣ = − 1 2 |\bm{A}|=5,|\bm{B}|=-\cfrac{1}{2} ∣A∣=5,∣B∣=−21,则 ∣ A + 2 B ∣ = |\bm{A}+2\bm{B}|= ∣A+2B∣=______.
- 329.已知 A \bm{A} A是三阶矩阵,且矩阵 A \bm{A} A各行元素之和均为 5 5 5,则矩阵 A \bm{A} A必有特征向量______.
- 333.已知矩阵 A = ( 3 1 2 0 2 a 0 0 3 ) \bm{A}=\begin{pmatrix}3&1&2\\0&2&a\\0&0&3\end{pmatrix} A=⎝⎛3001202a3⎠⎞和对角矩阵相似,则 a = a= a=______.
- 334.设 A \bm{A} A是三阶矩阵, α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\alpha}_3 α1,α2,α3是三维线性无关的列向量,且 A α 1 = α 2 + α 3 , A α 2 = α 1 + α 3 , A α 3 = α 1 + α 2 \bm{A\alpha}_1=\alpha_2+\alpha_3,\bm{A\alpha}_2=\alpha_1+\alpha_3,\bm{A\alpha}_3=\alpha_1+\alpha_2 Aα1=α2+α3,Aα2=α1+α3,Aα3=α1+α2,则和 A \bm{A} A相似的矩阵是______.
- 335.已知 A \bm{A} A是三阶实对称矩阵,若正交矩阵 Q \bm{Q} Q使得 Q − 1 A Q = ( 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 ) \bm{Q}^{-1}\bm{AQ}=\begin{pmatrix}3&0&0\\0&3&0\\0&0&6\end{pmatrix} Q−1AQ=⎝⎛300030006⎠⎞,如果 α 1 = ( 1 , 0 , − 1 ) T , α 2 = ( 0 , 1 , 1 ) T \bm{\alpha}_1=(1,0,-1)^{\mathrm{T}},\bm{\alpha}_2=(0,1,1)^{\mathrm{T}} α1=(1,0,−1)T,α2=(0,1,1)T是矩阵 A \bm{A} A属于特征值 λ = 3 \lambda=3 λ=3的特征向量,则 Q = \bm{Q}= Q=______.
- 337.已知二次型矩阵 x T A x = a x 1 2 + 2 x 2 2 + a x 3 2 + 6 x 1 x 2 + 2 x 2 x 3 \bm{x}^{\mathrm{T}}\bm{Ax}=ax_1^2+2x_2^2+ax_3^2+6x_1x_2+2x_2x_3 xTAx=ax12+2x22+ax32+6x1x2+2x2x3的秩为 2 2 2,则 a = a= a=______.
- 340.若二次型 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = a x 1 2 + 4 x 2 2 + a x 3 2 + 6 x 1 x 2 + 2 x 2 x 3 f(x_1,x_2,x_3)=ax_1^2+4x_2^2+ax_3^2+6x_1x_2+2x_2x_3 f(x1,x2,x3)=ax12+4x22+ax32+6x1x2+2x2x3是正定的,则 a a a的取值范围是______.
- 写在最后
284.设四阶方阵 A = [ α , γ 2 , γ 3 , γ 4 ] , B = [ β , γ 2 , γ 3 , γ 4 ] \bm{A}=[\bm{\alpha},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4],\bm{B}=[\bm{\beta},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4] A=[α,γ2,γ3,γ4],B=[β,γ2,γ3,γ4],其中 α , β , γ 2 , γ 3 , γ 4 \bm{\alpha},\bm{\beta},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4 α,β,γ2,γ3,γ4均为四维向量,且 ∣ A ∣ = 5 , ∣ B ∣ = − 1 2 |\bm{A}|=5,|\bm{B}|=-\cfrac{1}{2} ∣A∣=5,∣B∣=−21,则 ∣ A + 2 B ∣ = |\bm{A}+2\bm{B}|= ∣A+2B∣=______.
解 因为
A
+
2
B
=
[
α
,
γ
2
,
γ
3
,
γ
4
]
+
[
2
α
,
2
γ
2
,
2
γ
3
,
2
γ
4
]
=
[
α
+
2
α
,
3
γ
2
,
3
γ
3
,
3
γ
4
]
\bm{A}+2\bm{B}=[\bm{\alpha},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4]+[2\bm{\alpha},2\bm{\gamma}_2,2\bm{\gamma}_3,2\bm{\gamma}_4]=[\bm{\alpha}+2\bm{\alpha},3\bm{\gamma}_2,3\bm{\gamma}_3,3\bm{\gamma}_4]
A+2B=[α,γ2,γ3,γ4]+[2α,2γ2,2γ3,2γ4]=[α+2α,3γ2,3γ3,3γ4]
故有
∣
A
+
2
B
∣
=
∣
α
+
2
α
,
3
γ
2
,
3
γ
3
,
3
γ
4
∣
=
27
∣
α
+
2
α
,
γ
2
,
γ
3
,
γ
4
∣
=
27
(
∣
α
,
γ
2
,
γ
3
,
γ
4
∣
+
2
∣
β
,
γ
2
,
γ
3
,
γ
4
∣
)
=
27
(
∣
A
∣
+
2
∣
B
∣
)
=
108.
\begin{aligned} |\bm{A}+2\bm{B}|&=|\bm{\alpha}+2\bm{\alpha},3\bm{\gamma}_2,3\bm{\gamma}_3,3\bm{\gamma}_4|=27|\bm{\alpha}+2\bm{\alpha},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4|\\ &=27(|\bm{\alpha},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4|+2|\bm{\beta},\bm{\gamma}_2,\bm{\gamma}_3,\bm{\gamma}_4|)\\ &=27(|\bm{A}|+2|\bm{B}|)=108. \end{aligned}
∣A+2B∣=∣α+2α,3γ2,3γ3,3γ4∣=27∣α+2α,γ2,γ3,γ4∣=27(∣α,γ2,γ3,γ4∣+2∣β,γ2,γ3,γ4∣)=27(∣A∣+2∣B∣)=108.
(这道题主要利用了行列式和矩阵的关系求解)
329.已知 A \bm{A} A是三阶矩阵,且矩阵 A \bm{A} A各行元素之和均为 5 5 5,则矩阵 A \bm{A} A必有特征向量______.
解 矩阵
A
\bm{A}
A各行元素之和均为
5
5
5,即
{
a
11
+
a
12
+
a
13
=
5
,
a
21
+
a
22
+
a
23
=
5
,
a
31
+
a
32
+
a
33
=
5.
\begin{cases} a_{11}+a_{12}+a_{13}=5,\\ a_{21}+a_{22}+a_{23}=5,\\ a_{31}+a_{32}+a_{33}=5. \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧a11+a12+a13=5,a21+a22+a23=5,a31+a32+a33=5.
即
(
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
)
(
1
1
1
)
=
(
5
5
5
)
\begin{pmatrix} a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\ a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\ a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}= \begin{pmatrix} 5\\ 5\\ 5 \end{pmatrix}
⎝⎛a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33⎠⎞⎝⎛111⎠⎞=⎝⎛555⎠⎞
即
A
(
1
1
1
)
=
5
(
1
1
1
)
\bm{A}\begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}=5 \begin{pmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{pmatrix}
A⎝⎛111⎠⎞=5⎝⎛111⎠⎞
(这道题主要利用了凑整法求解)
333.已知矩阵 A = ( 3 1 2 0 2 a 0 0 3 ) \bm{A}=\begin{pmatrix}3&1&2\\0&2&a\\0&0&3\end{pmatrix} A=⎝⎛3001202a3⎠⎞和对角矩阵相似,则 a = a= a=______.
解 因为 ∣ λ E − A ∣ = ∣ λ − 3 − 1 − 2 0 λ − 2 − a 0 0 λ − 3 ∣ = ( λ − 2 ) ( λ − 3 ) 2 |\lambda\bm{E}-\bm{A}|=\begin{vmatrix}\lambda-3&-1&-2\\0&\lambda-2&-a\\0&0&\lambda-3\end{vmatrix}=(\lambda-2)(\lambda-3)^2 ∣λE−A∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣λ−300−1λ−20−2−aλ−3∣∣∣∣∣∣=(λ−2)(λ−3)2,所以矩阵的特征值为 2 , 3 , 3 2,3,3 2,3,3。因为矩阵 A \bm{A} A的特征值有二重根,所以 λ = 3 \lambda=3 λ=3有两个线性无关的特征向量,即 ( 3 E − A ) x (3\bm{E}-\bm{A})\bm{x} (3E−A)x有两个线性无关的解。故 r ( 3 E − A ) = 1 r(3\bm{E}-\bm{A})=1 r(3E−A)=1,那么 3 E − A = [ 0 − 1 − 2 0 1 − a 0 0 0 ] → [ 0 − 1 − 2 0 0 − a − 2 0 0 0 ] 3\bm{E}-\bm{A}=\begin{bmatrix}0&-1&-2\\0&1&-a\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}\to\begin{bmatrix}0&-1&-2\\0&0&-a-2\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix} 3E−A=⎣⎡000−110−2−a0⎦⎤→⎣⎡000−100−2−a−20⎦⎤,可见 a = − 2 a=-2 a=−2。(这道题主要利用了方程和秩的关系求解)
334.设 A \bm{A} A是三阶矩阵, α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\alpha}_3 α1,α2,α3是三维线性无关的列向量,且 A α 1 = α 2 + α 3 , A α 2 = α 1 + α 3 , A α 3 = α 1 + α 2 \bm{A\alpha}_1=\alpha_2+\alpha_3,\bm{A\alpha}_2=\alpha_1+\alpha_3,\bm{A\alpha}_3=\alpha_1+\alpha_2 Aα1=α2+α3,Aα2=α1+α3,Aα3=α1+α2,则和 A \bm{A} A相似的矩阵是______.
解 根据已知条件,有
A
(
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
)
=
(
α
2
+
α
3
,
α
1
+
α
3
,
α
1
+
α
2
)
=
(
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
)
[
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
]
.
\bm{A}(\bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\alpha}_3)=(\alpha_2+\alpha_3,\alpha_1+\alpha_3,\alpha_1+\alpha_2)=(\bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\alpha}_3)\begin{bmatrix}0&1&1\\1&0&1\\1&1&0\end{bmatrix}.
A(α1,α2,α3)=(α2+α3,α1+α3,α1+α2)=(α1,α2,α3)⎣⎡011101110⎦⎤.
记
P
=
(
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
)
,
B
=
[
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
]
\bm{P}=(\bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\alpha}_3),\bm{B}=\begin{bmatrix}0&1&1\\1&0&1\\1&1&0\end{bmatrix}
P=(α1,α2,α3),B=⎣⎡011101110⎦⎤。
由
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
\bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\alpha}_3
α1,α2,α3是三维线性无关的列向量知
∣
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
∣
≠
0
|\bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\alpha}_3|\ne0
∣α1,α2,α3∣=0,故
P
\bm{P}
P是可逆矩阵,于是由
A
P
=
P
B
\bm{AP}=\bm{PB}
AP=PB得
P
−
1
A
P
=
B
\bm{P}^{-1}\bm{AP}=\bm{B}
P−1AP=B。
故和矩阵
A
\bm{A}
A相似的矩阵是
[
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
]
\begin{bmatrix}0&1&1\\1&0&1\\1&1&0\end{bmatrix}
⎣⎡011101110⎦⎤。(这道题主要利用了矩阵乘法求解)
335.已知 A \bm{A} A是三阶实对称矩阵,若正交矩阵 Q \bm{Q} Q使得 Q − 1 A Q = ( 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 ) \bm{Q}^{-1}\bm{AQ}=\begin{pmatrix}3&0&0\\0&3&0\\0&0&6\end{pmatrix} Q−1AQ=⎝⎛300030006⎠⎞,如果 α 1 = ( 1 , 0 , − 1 ) T , α 2 = ( 0 , 1 , 1 ) T \bm{\alpha}_1=(1,0,-1)^{\mathrm{T}},\bm{\alpha}_2=(0,1,1)^{\mathrm{T}} α1=(1,0,−1)T,α2=(0,1,1)T是矩阵 A \bm{A} A属于特征值 λ = 3 \lambda=3 λ=3的特征向量,则 Q = \bm{Q}= Q=______.
解 因为实对称矩阵特征值不同特征向量正交,设
α
3
=
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
x
3
)
T
\bm{\alpha}_3=(x_1,x_2,x_3)^{\mathrm{T}}
α3=(x1,x2,x3)T是矩阵
A
\bm{A}
A属于
λ
=
6
\lambda=6
λ=6的特征向量,则
{
α
3
T
α
1
=
x
1
−
x
3
=
0
,
α
3
T
α
2
=
x
2
+
x
3
=
0
,
⇒
α
3
=
(
1
,
−
1
,
1
)
T
.
\begin{cases} \bm{\alpha}_3^{\mathrm{T}}\bm{\alpha}_1=x_1-x_3=0,\\ \bm{\alpha}_3^{\mathrm{T}}\bm{\alpha}_2=x_2+x_3=0, \end{cases}\Rightarrow\bm{\alpha}_3=(1,-1,1)^{\mathrm{T}}.
{α3Tα1=x1−x3=0,α3Tα2=x2+x3=0,⇒α3=(1,−1,1)T.
由于
λ
=
3
\lambda=3
λ=3的特征向量
α
1
,
α
2
\bm{\alpha}_1,\bm{\alpha}_2
α1,α2不正交,故需正交化处理。令
β
1
=
α
1
=
(
1
0
−
1
)
,
β
2
=
α
2
−
(
α
2
,
β
1
)
(
β
1
,
β
2
)
β
1
\bm{\beta}_1=\bm{\alpha}_1=\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix},\bm{\beta}_2=\bm{\alpha}_2-\cfrac{(\bm{\alpha}_2,\bm{\beta}_1)}{(\bm{\beta}_1,\bm{\beta}_2)}\bm{\beta}_1
β1=α1=⎝⎛10−1⎠⎞,β2=α2−(β1,β2)(α2,β1)β1,再单位化得
γ
1
=
1
2
(
1
0
−
1
)
,
γ
2
=
1
6
(
1
2
1
)
,
γ
3
=
1
3
(
1
1
1
)
.
\bm{\gamma}_1=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix},\bm{\gamma}_2=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\1\end{pmatrix},\bm{\gamma}_3=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}.
γ1=21⎝⎛10−1⎠⎞,γ2=61⎝⎛121⎠⎞,γ3=31⎝⎛111⎠⎞.
那么
Q
=
[
1
2
1
6
1
3
0
2
6
−
1
3
−
1
2
1
6
1
3
]
\bm{Q}=\begin{bmatrix}\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{6}}&\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\\0&\cfrac{2}{\sqrt{6}}&-\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\\-\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{6}}&\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\end{bmatrix}
Q=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎡210−2161626131−3131⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎤为所求。(这道题主要利用了对称矩阵正交化求解)
337.已知二次型矩阵 x T A x = a x 1 2 + 2 x 2 2 + a x 3 2 + 6 x 1 x 2 + 2 x 2 x 3 \bm{x}^{\mathrm{T}}\bm{Ax}=ax_1^2+2x_2^2+ax_3^2+6x_1x_2+2x_2x_3 xTAx=ax12+2x22+ax32+6x1x2+2x2x3的秩为 2 2 2,则 a = a= a=______.
解 二次型矩阵
A
=
[
a
3
0
3
2
1
0
1
a
]
\bm{A}=\begin{bmatrix}a&3&0\\3&2&1\\0&1&a\end{bmatrix}
A=⎣⎡a3032101a⎦⎤,二次型的秩为
2
2
2,即矩阵的秩
r
(
A
)
=
2
r(\bm{A})=2
r(A)=2。
由
∣
A
∣
=
∣
a
3
0
3
2
1
0
1
a
∣
=
2
a
2
−
10
a
|\bm{A}|=\begin{vmatrix}a&3&0\\3&2&1\\0&1&a\end{vmatrix}=2a^2-10a
∣A∣=∣∣∣∣∣∣a3032101a∣∣∣∣∣∣=2a2−10a,且
A
\bm{A}
A中有二阶子式
∣
3
2
0
1
∣
≠
0
\begin{vmatrix}3&2\\0&1\end{vmatrix}\ne0
∣∣∣∣3021∣∣∣∣=0,得当
a
=
0
a=0
a=0或
a
=
5
a=5
a=5时,二次型的秩为
2
2
2。(这道题主要利用了矩阵的秩的定义求解)
340.若二次型 f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = a x 1 2 + 4 x 2 2 + a x 3 2 + 6 x 1 x 2 + 2 x 2 x 3 f(x_1,x_2,x_3)=ax_1^2+4x_2^2+ax_3^2+6x_1x_2+2x_2x_3 f(x1,x2,x3)=ax12+4x22+ax32+6x1x2+2x2x3是正定的,则 a a a的取值范围是______.
解 二次型
f
f
f的矩阵为
A
=
[
a
3
0
3
4
1
0
1
a
]
\bm{A}=\begin{bmatrix}a&3&0\\3&4&1\\0&1&a\end{bmatrix}
A=⎣⎡a3034101a⎦⎤,因为
f
f
f正定等价于
A
\bm{A}
A的顺序主子式全大于零,即
Δ
1
=
a
>
0
,
Δ
2
=
∣
a
3
3
4
∣
=
4
a
−
9
>
0
,
Δ
3
=
∣
A
∣
=
4
a
2
−
10
a
>
0.
\Delta_1=a>0,\\ \Delta_2=\begin{vmatrix}a&3\\3&4\end{vmatrix}=4a-9>0,\\ \Delta_3=|\bm{A}|=4a^2-10a>0.
Δ1=a>0,Δ2=∣∣∣∣a334∣∣∣∣=4a−9>0,Δ3=∣A∣=4a2−10a>0.
故
f
f
f正定等价于
a
>
5
2
a>\cfrac{5}{2}
a>25。(这道题主要利用了正定矩阵的性质求解)
写在最后
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