1.2 极限
例4 设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x = 0 x=0 x=0的某邻域内连续, f ( 0 ) ≠ 0 f(0)\ne0 f(0)=0,则 lim x → 0 ∫ 0 x ( x − t ) f ( t ) d t x ∫ 0 x f ( x − t ) d t = \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\displaystyle\int^x_0(x-t)f(t)\mathrm{d}t}{x\displaystyle\int^x_0f(x-t)\mathrm{d}t}= x→0limx∫0xf(x−t)dt∫0x(x−t)f(t)dt=______。
解
∫
0
x
(
x
−
t
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
=
x
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
−
∫
0
x
t
f
(
t
)
d
t
,
∫
0
x
f
(
x
−
t
)
d
t
=
∫
x
0
f
(
u
)
(
−
d
u
)
=
∫
0
x
f
(
u
)
d
u
=
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
,
原式
=
lim
x
→
0
x
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
−
∫
0
x
t
f
(
t
)
d
t
x
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
=
lim
x
→
0
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
+
x
f
(
x
)
−
x
f
(
x
)
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
+
x
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
0
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
+
x
f
(
x
)
.
\begin{aligned} &\displaystyle\int^x_0(x-t)f(t)\mathrm{d}t=x\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t-\displaystyle\int^x_0tf(t)\mathrm{d}t,\\ &\displaystyle\int^x_0f(x-t)\mathrm{d}t=\displaystyle\int^0_xf(u)(-\mathrm{d}u)=\displaystyle\int^x_0f(u)\mathrm{d}u=\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t, \end{aligned}\\ \begin{aligned} \text{原式}&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{x\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t-\displaystyle\int^x_0tf(t)\mathrm{d}t}{x\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t}=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t+xf(x)-xf(x)}{\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t+xf(x)}\\ &=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t}{\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t+xf(x)}. \end{aligned}
∫0x(x−t)f(t)dt=x∫0xf(t)dt−∫0xtf(t)dt,∫0xf(x−t)dt=∫x0f(u)(−du)=∫0xf(u)du=∫0xf(t)dt,原式=x→0limx∫0xf(t)dtx∫0xf(t)dt−∫0xtf(t)dt=x→0lim∫0xf(t)dt+xf(x)∫0xf(t)dt+xf(x)−xf(x)=x→0lim∫0xf(t)dt+xf(x)∫0xf(t)dt.
此式不能用洛必达法则,因为
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
0
x=0
x=0的去心领域内未设可导,不满足洛必达法则的条件(2)。应将上式右边分子、分母统一除以
x
x
x,得
原式
=
lim
x
→
0
1
x
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
1
x
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
+
f
(
x
)
.
\text{原式}=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cfrac{1}{x}\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t}{\cfrac{1}{x}\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t+f(x)}.
原式=x→0limx1∫0xf(t)dt+f(x)x1∫0xf(t)dt.
由洛必达法则,
lim
x
→
0
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
x
=
lim
x
→
0
f
(
x
)
1
=
f
(
0
)
\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\displaystyle\int^x_0f(t)\mathrm{d}t}{x}=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{f(x)}{1}=f(0)
x→0limx∫0xf(t)dt=x→0lim1f(x)=f(0)。从而
原式
=
f
(
0
)
f
(
0
)
+
f
(
0
)
=
1
2
.
\text{原式}=\cfrac{f(0)}{f(0)+f(0)}=\cfrac{1}{2}.
原式=f(0)+f(0)f(0)=21.
(这道题主要利用了构造函数求解)
例5 lim x → 0 3 sin x + x 2 cos 1 x ( 1 + cos x ) ln ( 1 + x ) = \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{3\sin x+x^2\cos\cfrac{1}{x}}{(1+\cos x)\ln(1+x)}= x→0lim(1+cosx)ln(1+x)3sinx+x2cosx1=______。
解
lim
x
→
0
3
sin
x
+
x
2
cos
1
x
(
1
+
cos
x
)
ln
(
1
+
x
)
=
1
2
lim
x
→
0
3
sin
x
+
x
2
cos
1
x
x
=
1
2
[
lim
x
→
0
3
sin
x
x
+
lim
x
→
0
(
x
cos
1
x
)
]
=
3
2
.
\begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{3\sin x+x^2\cos\cfrac{1}{x}}{(1+\cos x)\ln(1+x)}&=\cfrac{1}{2}\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{3\sin x+x^2\cos\cfrac{1}{x}}{x}\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}\left[\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{3\sin x}{x}+\lim\limits_{x\to0}\left(x\cos\cfrac{1}{x}\right)\right]=\cfrac{3}{2}. \end{aligned}
x→0lim(1+cosx)ln(1+x)3sinx+x2cosx1=21x→0limx3sinx+x2cosx1=21[x→0limx3sinx+x→0lim(xcosx1)]=23.
(这道题主要利用了洛必达法则求极限的条件求解)
例6 求极限 lim x → + ∞ ∫ 1 x [ t 2 ( e 1 t − 1 ) − t ] d t x 2 ln ( 1 + 1 x ) \lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}\cfrac{\displaystyle\int^x_1[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t}{x^2\ln\left(1+\cfrac{1}{x}\right)} x→+∞limx2ln(1+x1)∫1x[t2(et1−1)−t]dt。
解 命分母为
g
(
x
)
=
x
2
ln
(
1
+
1
x
)
=
x
⋅
x
ln
(
1
+
1
x
)
g(x)=x^2\ln\left(1+\cfrac{1}{x}\right)=x\cdot x\ln\left(1+\cfrac{1}{x}\right)
g(x)=x2ln(1+x1)=x⋅xln(1+x1),由于
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
ln
(
1
+
1
x
)
=
lim
u
→
0
+
ln
(
1
+
u
)
u
=
1
\lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}x\ln\left(1+\cfrac{1}{x}\right)=\lim\limits_{u\to0^+}\cfrac{\ln(1+u)}{u}=1
x→+∞limxln(1+x1)=u→0+limuln(1+u)=1,所以
lim
x
→
+
∞
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
=
+
∞
\lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}g(x)=\lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}x=+\infty
x→+∞limg(x)=x→+∞limx=+∞。
命分子为
f
(
x
)
=
∫
1
x
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
f(x)=\displaystyle\int^x_1[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t
f(x)=∫1x[t2(et1−1)−t]dt,其中被积函数的极限
lim
x
→
+
∞
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
=
lim
u
→
0
+
e
u
−
1
−
u
u
2
=
洛必达
lim
u
→
0
+
e
u
−
1
2
u
=
洛必达
lim
u
→
0
+
e
u
2
=
1
2
,
\begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]&=\lim\limits_{u\to0^+}\cfrac{e^u-1-u}{u^2}\\ &\xlongequal{\text{洛必达}}\lim\limits_{u\to0^+}\cfrac{e^u-1}{2u}\\ &\xlongequal{\text{洛必达}}\lim\limits_{u\to0^+}\cfrac{e^u}{2}=\cfrac{1}{2}, \end{aligned}
x→+∞lim[t2(et1−1)−t]=u→0+limu2eu−1−u洛必达u→0+lim2ueu−1洛必达u→0+lim2eu=21,
所以存在充分大的
T
T
T,由保号性,当
t
>
T
t>T
t>T时,有
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
>
1
3
.
[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]>\cfrac{1}{3}.
[t2(et1−1)−t]>31.
于是当
x
x
x充分大
(
x
>
T
)
(x>T)
(x>T)时,
f
(
x
)
=
∫
1
x
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
=
∫
1
T
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
+
∫
T
x
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
>
∫
1
T
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
+
∫
T
x
1
3
d
t
=
∫
T
x
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
+
1
3
(
x
−
T
)
→
x
→
+
∞
+
∞
.
\begin{aligned} f(x)&=\displaystyle\int^x_1[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\displaystyle\int^T_1[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t+\displaystyle\int^x_T[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t\\ &>\displaystyle\int^T_1[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t+\displaystyle\int^x_T\cfrac{1}{3}\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\displaystyle\int^x_T[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t+\cfrac{1}{3}(x-T)\xrightarrow[x\to+\infty]{}+\infty. \end{aligned}
f(x)=∫1x[t2(et1−1)−t]dt=∫1T[t2(et1−1)−t]dt+∫Tx[t2(et1−1)−t]dt>∫1T[t2(et1−1)−t]dt+∫Tx31dt=∫Tx[t2(et1−1)−t]dt+31(x−T)x→+∞+∞.
由洛必达法则
lim
x
→
+
∞
∫
1
x
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
x
2
ln
(
1
+
1
x
)
=
lim
x
→
+
∞
∫
1
x
[
t
2
(
e
1
t
−
1
)
−
t
]
d
t
x
=
洛必达
lim
x
→
+
∞
x
2
(
e
1
x
−
1
)
−
x
1
=
1
2
.
\begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}\cfrac{\displaystyle\int^x_1[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t}{x^2\ln\left(1+\cfrac{1}{x}\right)}&=\lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}\cfrac{\displaystyle\int^x_1[t^2(e^{\frac{1}{t}}-1)-t]\mathrm{d}t}{x}\\ &\xlongequal{\text{洛必达}}\lim\limits_{x\to+\infty}\cfrac{x^2(e^{\frac{1}{x}}-1)-x}{1}=\cfrac{1}{2}. \end{aligned}
x→+∞limx2ln(1+x1)∫1x[t2(et1−1)−t]dt=x→+∞limx∫1x[t2(et1−1)−t]dt洛必达x→+∞lim1x2(ex1−1)−x=21.
(这道题主要利用了积分式求导求解)
例17 设 lim x → 0 x f ( x ) + ln ( 1 − 2 x ) x 2 = 4 \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{xf(x)+\ln(1-2x)}{x^2}=4 x→0limx2xf(x)+ln(1−2x)=4,则 lim x → 0 f ( x ) − 2 x = \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{f(x)-2}{x}= x→0limxf(x)−2=______。
解
f
(
x
)
−
2
x
−
x
f
(
x
)
+
ln
(
1
−
2
x
)
x
2
=
−
2
x
−
ln
(
1
−
2
x
)
x
2
.
lim
x
→
0
f
(
x
)
−
2
x
=
lim
x
→
0
x
f
(
x
)
+
ln
(
1
−
2
x
)
x
2
−
lim
x
→
0
2
x
+
ln
(
1
−
2
x
)
x
2
=
4
−
lim
x
→
0
2
−
2
1
−
2
x
2
x
=
6.
\cfrac{f(x)-2}{x}-\cfrac{xf(x)+\ln(1-2x)}{x^2}=\cfrac{-2x-\ln(1-2x)}{x^2}.\\ \begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{f(x)-2}{x}&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{xf(x)+\ln(1-2x)}{x^2}-\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{2x+\ln(1-2x)}{x^2}\\ &=4-\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{2-\cfrac{2}{1-2x}}{2x}=6. \end{aligned}
xf(x)−2−x2xf(x)+ln(1−2x)=x2−2x−ln(1−2x).x→0limxf(x)−2=x→0limx2xf(x)+ln(1−2x)−x→0limx22x+ln(1−2x)=4−x→0lim2x2−1−2x2=6.
(这道题主要利用了极限的四则运算求解)
例21 设 u n = ∑ i = 1 n 1 ( n + i − 1 ) ( n + i ) u_n=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{(n+i-1)(n+i)}} un=i=1∑n(n+i−1)(n+i)1,求 lim n → ∞ u n \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}u_n n→∞limun。
解
u
n
=
∑
i
=
1
n
1
(
n
+
i
−
1
)
(
n
+
i
)
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
1
(
1
+
i
−
1
n
)
(
1
+
i
n
)
⩽
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
1
1
+
i
−
1
n
=
1
n
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
1
1
+
i
n
→
n
→
∞
∫
0
1
1
1
+
x
d
x
=
ln
2.
u
n
⩾
∑
i
=
1
n
1
n
+
i
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
1
1
+
i
n
→
n
→
∞
∫
0
1
1
1
+
x
d
x
=
ln
2.
\begin{aligned} u_n&=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{(n+i-1)(n+i)}}=\cfrac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{(1+\cfrac{i-1}{n})(1+\cfrac{i}{n})}}\\ &\leqslant\cfrac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{i-1}{n}}=\cfrac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n-1}\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{i}{n}}\xrightarrow[n\to\infty]{}\displaystyle\int^1_0\cfrac{1}{1+x}\mathrm{d}x=\ln2. \end{aligned}\\ \begin{aligned} u_n&\geqslant\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\cfrac{1}{n+i}\\ &=\cfrac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{i}{n}}\xrightarrow[n\to\infty]{}\displaystyle\int^1_0\cfrac{1}{1+x}\mathrm{d}x=\ln2. \end{aligned}
un=i=1∑n(n+i−1)(n+i)1=n1i=1∑n(1+ni−1)(1+ni)1⩽n1i=1∑n1+ni−11=n1i=0∑n−11+ni1n→∞∫011+x1dx=ln2.un⩾i=1∑nn+i1=n1i=1∑n1+ni1n→∞∫011+x1dx=ln2.
所以,
lim
n
→
∞
u
n
=
ln
2
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}u_n=\ln2
n→∞limun=ln2。(这道题主要利用了积分定义求解)
例22 设 u 1 > 0 , u n + 1 = 3 + 4 u n , n = 1 , 2 , ⋯ u_1>0,u_{n+1}=3+\cfrac{4}{u_n},n=1,2,\cdots u1>0,un+1=3+un4,n=1,2,⋯。讨论数列 { u n } \{u_n\} {un}的收敛性。若收敛,并求其极限。
解
u
n
+
1
−
4
=
3
+
4
u
n
−
4
=
4
u
n
−
1
=
4
−
u
n
u
n
.
u_{n+1}-4=3+\cfrac{4}{u_n}-4=\cfrac{4}{u_n}-1=\cfrac{4-u_n}{u_n}.
un+1−4=3+un4−4=un4−1=un4−un.
由于对一切
n
,
u
n
>
3
n,u_n>3
n,un>3,所以
∣
u
n
+
1
−
4
∣
=
∣
4
−
u
n
∣
u
n
⩽
1
3
∣
u
n
−
4
∣
⩽
⋯
⩽
(
1
3
)
n
∣
u
1
−
4
∣
.
\begin{aligned} |u_{n+1}-4|&=\cfrac{|4-u_n|}{u_n}\leqslant\cfrac{1}{3}|u_n-4|\\ &\leqslant\cdots\leqslant\left(\cfrac{1}{3}\right)^n|u_1-4|. \end{aligned}
∣un+1−4∣=un∣4−un∣⩽31∣un−4∣⩽⋯⩽(31)n∣u1−4∣.
不等式左边显然
⩾
0
\geqslant0
⩾0,命
n
→
∞
n\to\infty
n→∞,由夹挤定理得
lim
n
→
∞
∣
u
n
+
1
−
4
∣
=
0
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}|u_{n+1}-4|=0
n→∞lim∣un+1−4∣=0,所以
lim
n
→
∞
u
n
=
4
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}u_n=4
n→∞limun=4。(这道题主要利用了放缩法求解)
例25 下列命题正确的是( )
(
A
)
(A)
(A)设
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}f(x)
x→x0limf(x)不存在,
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}g(x)
x→x0limg(x)存在,则
lim
x
→
x
0
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
)
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}(f(x)g(x))
x→x0lim(f(x)g(x))必存在;
(
B
)
(B)
(B)设
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
x
)
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}f(x)
x→x0limf(x)不存在,
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}g(x)
x→x0limg(x)不存在,则
lim
x
→
x
0
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
)
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}(f(x)g(x))
x→x0lim(f(x)g(x))必不存在;
(
C
)
(C)
(C)设
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
u
0
,
lim
u
→
u
0
f
(
u
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}g(x)=u_0,\lim\limits_{u\to u_0}f(u)=A
x→x0limg(x)=u0,u→u0limf(u)=A,则必有
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}f(g(x))=A
x→x0limf(g(x))=A;
(
D
)
(D)
(D)设
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
∞
,
lim
u
→
∞
f
(
u
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}g(x)=\infty,\lim\limits_{u\to\infty}f(u)=A
x→x0limg(x)=∞,u→∞limf(u)=A,则必有
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}f(g(x))=A
x→x0limf(g(x))=A。
解 由
lim
u
→
∞
f
(
u
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{u\to\infty}f(u)=A
u→∞limf(u)=A,对于任给
ϵ
>
0
\epsilon>0
ϵ>0,存在
M
>
0
M>0
M>0,当
∣
u
∣
>
M
|u|>M
∣u∣>M时,有
∣
f
(
u
)
−
A
∣
<
ϵ
|f(u)-A|<\epsilon
∣f(u)−A∣<ϵ。又因
lim
x
→
x
0
g
(
x
)
=
∞
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}g(x)=\infty
x→x0limg(x)=∞,故对于上述
M
>
0
M>0
M>0,存在
δ
>
0
\delta>0
δ>0,当
0
<
∣
x
−
x
0
∣
<
δ
0<|x-x_0|<\delta
0<∣x−x0∣<δ时,
∣
g
(
x
)
∣
>
M
|g(x)|>M
∣g(x)∣>M。将上述两点结合起来推知,对于任给
ϵ
>
0
\epsilon>0
ϵ>0,存在
δ
>
0
\delta>0
δ>0,当
0
<
∣
x
−
x
0
∣
<
δ
0<|x-x_0|<\delta
0<∣x−x0∣<δ时,有
∣
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
−
A
∣
<
ϵ
|f(g(x))-A|<\epsilon
∣f(g(x))−A∣<ϵ,即
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
=
A
.
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}f(g(x))=A.
x→x0limf(g(x))=A.
所以
(
D
)
(D)
(D)正确。
(
A
)
(A)
(A)的反例:
f
(
x
)
=
1
x
2
,
lim
x
→
0
f
(
x
)
f(x)=\cfrac{1}{x^2},\lim\limits_{x\to0}f(x)
f(x)=x21,x→0limf(x)不存在,
g
(
x
)
=
x
,
lim
x
→
0
g
(
x
)
g(x)=x,\lim\limits_{x\to0}g(x)
g(x)=x,x→0limg(x)存在,但
lim
x
→
0
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
)
=
lim
x
→
0
1
x
\lim\limits_{x\to0}(f(x)g(x))=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{1}{x}
x→0lim(f(x)g(x))=x→0limx1仍不存在。
(
B
)
(B)
(B)的反例:
f
(
x
)
=
x
∣
x
∣
(
x
≠
0
)
,
lim
x
→
0
f
(
x
)
f(x)=\cfrac{x}{|x|}(x\ne0),\lim\limits_{x\to0}f(x)
f(x)=∣x∣x(x=0),x→0limf(x)不存在,
g
(
x
)
=
x
∣
x
∣
(
x
≠
0
)
,
lim
x
→
0
g
(
x
)
g(x)=\cfrac{x}{|x|}(x\ne0),\lim\limits_{x\to0}g(x)
g(x)=∣x∣x(x=0),x→0limg(x)亦不存在,但
lim
x
→
0
(
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
)
=
lim
x
→
0
=
lim
x
→
0
x
2
∣
x
2
∣
=
1
\lim\limits_{x\to0}(f(x)g(x))=\lim\limits_{x\to0}=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{x^2}{|x^2|}=1
x→0lim(f(x)g(x))=x→0lim=x→0lim∣x2∣x2=1。
(
C
)
(C)
(C)的反例:
g
(
x
)
=
x
sin
1
x
,
lim
x
→
0
g
(
x
)
=
0.
f
(
u
)
=
sin
u
u
=
1
g(x)=x\sin\cfrac{1}{x},\lim\limits_{x\to0}g(x)=0.f(u)=\cfrac{\sin u}{u}=1
g(x)=xsinx1,x→0limg(x)=0.f(u)=usinu=1,但对于复合函数
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
=
sin
(
x
sin
1
x
)
x
sin
1
x
f(g(x))=\cfrac{\sin\left(x\sin\cfrac{1}{x}\right)}{x\sin\cfrac{1}{x}}
f(g(x))=xsinx1sin(xsinx1),不论
δ
>
0
\delta>0
δ>0多么小,在
x
=
0
x=0
x=0的
δ
\delta
δ去心领域
U
δ
(
0
)
=
{
x
∣
0
<
∣
x
∣
<
δ
}
U_\delta(0)=\{x|0<|x|<\delta\}
Uδ(0)={x∣0<∣x∣<δ}内,
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
f(g(x))
f(g(x))在无穷多个点上(例如
x
=
1
n
π
,
n
∈
Z
x=\cfrac{1}{n\pi},n\in\bold{Z}
x=nπ1,n∈Z且充分大)没有定义(因为分母为
0
0
0),因此谈不上取极限
lim
x
→
x
0
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
\lim\limits_{x\to x_0}f(g(x))
x→x0limf(g(x))。故
(
C
)
(C)
(C)不成立。(这道题主要利用了临界点求解)
例26 设函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
(-\infty,+\infty)
(−∞,+∞)内单调有界,
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn}为数列,下列命题正确的是( )
(
A
)
(A)
(A)若
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn}收敛,则
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\{f(x_n)\}
{f(xn)}收敛;
(
B
)
(B)
(B)若
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn}单调,则
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\{f(x_n)\}
{f(xn)}收敛;
(
C
)
(C)
(C)若
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\{f(x_n)\}
{f(xn)}收敛,则
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn}收敛;
(
D
)
(D)
(D)若
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\{f(x_n)\}
{f(xn)}单调,则
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn}收敛。
解 因为
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn}单调,
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
(-\infty,+\infty)
(−∞,+∞)内也单调,所以复合函数构成的数列
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\{f(x_n)\}
{f(xn)}对
n
n
n来说也是单调的。又因
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)有界,所以
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\{f(x_n)\}
{f(xn)}有界。由单调有界数列必存在极限,所以
lim
n
→
∞
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\{f(x_n)\}
n→∞lim{f(xn)}存在,即
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\{f(x_n)\}
{f(xn)}收敛。选
(
B
)
(B)
(B)。
(
A
)
(A)
(A)的反例。设
f
(
x
)
=
{
arctan
x
,
0
⩽
x
<
+
∞
,
arctan
x
−
1
,
−
∞
<
x
<
0.
x
n
=
(
−
1
)
n
n
,
n
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
.
f(x)=\begin{cases}\arctan x,&0\leqslant x<+\infty,\\\arctan x-1,&-\infty<x<0.\end{cases}\\ x_n=\cfrac{(-1)^n}{n},\qquad n=1,2,\cdots.
f(x)={arctanx,arctanx−1,0⩽x<+∞,−∞<x<0.xn=n(−1)n,n=1,2,⋯.
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
(-\infty,+\infty)
(−∞,+∞)内单调有界,
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
0
,
{
x
n
}
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}x_n=0,\{x_n\}
n→∞limxn=0,{xn}收敛。
但
f
(
x
n
)
=
{
arctan
(
1
x
)
,
n
为偶数
,
arctan
(
−
1
x
)
−
1
,
n
为奇数
.
f(x_n)=\begin{cases}\arctan\left(\cfrac{1}{x}\right),&n\text{为偶数},\\\arctan\left(-\cfrac{1}{x}\right)-1,&n\text{为奇数}.\end{cases}
f(xn)=⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧arctan(x1),arctan(−x1)−1,n为偶数,n为奇数.
故
lim
n
→
∞
{
f
(
x
n
)
}
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\{f(x_n)\}
n→∞lim{f(xn)}不存在。
由
(
A
)
(A)
(A)的反例可见,由
{
x
n
}
\{x_n\}
{xn}的收敛性与
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)的单调性推不出
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)关于
n
n
n的单调性。所以实际上,条件中的单调性在此已不起作用。
(
C
)
(C)
(C)的反例。
f
(
x
)
=
arctan
x
f(x)=\arctan x
f(x)=arctanx,它在
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
(-\infty,+\infty)
(−∞,+∞)内单调有界,
x
n
=
n
,
f
(
x
n
)
=
arctan
n
→
π
2
(
n
→
∞
)
x_n=n,f(x_n)=\arctan n\to\cfrac{\pi}{2}(n\to\infty)
xn=n,f(xn)=arctann→2π(n→∞),它收敛。但
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
=
+
∞
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}x_n=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}n=+\infty
n→∞limxn=n→∞limn=+∞,不收敛。
(
D
)
(D)
(D)的反例见
(
C
)
(C)
(C)的反例,
f
(
x
n
)
=
f
(
n
)
=
arctan
n
f(x_n)=f(n)=\arctan n
f(xn)=f(n)=arctann单调,但
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
=
+
∞
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}x_n=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}n=+\infty
n→∞limxn=n→∞limn=+∞,不收敛。(这道题主要利用了函数的单调和有界性质求解)
练习一
10.设当 0 < x ⩽ 1 0<x\leqslant1 0<x⩽1时 f ( x ) = x sin x f(x)=x^{\sin x} f(x)=xsinx,对于其他 x , f ( x ) x,f(x) x,f(x)满足 f ( x ) + k = 2 f ( x + 1 ) f(x)+k=2f(x+1) f(x)+k=2f(x+1)。求常数 k k k使 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 x = 0 x=0 x=0处连续。
解 因为
0
<
x
⩽
1
0<x\leqslant1
0<x⩽1时,
f
(
x
)
=
x
sin
x
f(x)=x^{\sin x}
f(x)=xsinx,所以
f
(
1
)
=
1
f(1)=1
f(1)=1,又因为题设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
x
=
0
x=0
x=0处连续,于是
f
(
0
)
=
lim
x
→
0
+
f
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
0
+
x
sin
x
=
lim
x
→
0
+
e
sin
x
⋅
ln
x
.
f(0)=\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}f(x)=\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}x^{\sin x}=\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}e^{\sin x\cdot\ln x}.
f(0)=x→0+limf(x)=x→0+limxsinx=x→0+limesinx⋅lnx.
而
lim
x
→
0
+
sin
x
⋅
ln
x
=
lim
x
→
0
+
x
⋅
ln
x
=
lim
x
→
0
+
ln
x
1
x
=
lim
x
→
0
+
1
x
−
1
x
2
=
0
\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}\sin x\cdot\ln x=\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}x\cdot\ln x=\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}\cfrac{\ln x}{\cfrac{1}{x}}=\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}\cfrac{\cfrac{1}{x}}{-\cfrac{1}{x^2}}=0
x→0+limsinx⋅lnx=x→0+limx⋅lnx=x→0+limx1lnx=x→0+lim−x21x1=0,从而知
f
(
0
)
=
e
0
=
1
f(0)=e^0=1
f(0)=e0=1。取
x
=
0
x=0
x=0代入
f
(
x
)
+
k
=
2
f
(
x
+
1
)
f(x)+k=2f(x+1)
f(x)+k=2f(x+1),得
f
(
0
)
+
k
=
2
f
(
1
)
f(0)+k=2f(1)
f(0)+k=2f(1),即
1
+
k
=
2
1+k=2
1+k=2,所以
k
=
1
k=1
k=1。(这道题主要利用了洛必达法则求解)
写在最后
如果觉得文章不错就点个赞吧。另外,如果有不同的观点,欢迎留言或私信。
欢迎非商业转载,转载请注明出处。