【高等数学基础进阶】多元函数微分学-多元函数微分法

一、复合函数微分法

定理：设$u=u(x,y)$及$v=v(x,y)$在点$(x,y)$具有对$x$及对$y$的偏导数，函数$z=f(u,v)$在对应点$(u,v)$具有连续偏导数，那么复合函数$z=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)]$在点$(x,y)$的两个偏导数都存在，且有
$$\begin{array}{r}\frac{dz}{dx}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x},\frac{dz}{dy}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\end{array}$$

例如该式$z=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)]$，画出树形图，做对$x$的偏导，树形图底部有几个$x$，就有几项（最底下两个圆的$x$）；连接到某个$x$有几条线，该式就有几个导数（标有这里的两条线表示该项有两个导数组成，即$\begin{array}{r}\frac{dz}{dy}\frac{du}{dx}\end{array}$）

全微分形式的不变性

设函数$z=f(u,v),u=u(x,y),v=v(x,y)$都有连续的一阶偏导数，则复合函数$z=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)]$的全微分
$$\begin{array}{rl}dz& =\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}dx+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}y\\ & =\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\right)dx+\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)dy\\ & =\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dx+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}dy\right)+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}dx+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}dy\right)\\ & =\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}du+\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}dv\end{array}$$

二、隐函数微分法

由方程$F(x,y)=0$确定的隐函数$y=y(x)$
$$y^{\prime }=-\frac{F_x^{\prime }}{F_y^{\prime }}$$

由方程$F(x,y,z)=0$确定的隐函数$z=z(x,y)$
若$F(x,y,z)$在点$P(x_0,y_0,z_0)$的某一邻域内有连续偏导数，且$F(x_0,y_0,z_0)=0,F_z^{\prime }(x_0,y_0,z_0)\ne 0$，则方程$F(x,y,z)=0$在点$(x_0,y_0,z_0)$的某邻域可唯一确定一个有连续偏导数的函数$z=z(x,y)$，并有
$$\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=-\frac{F_x^{\prime }}{F_z^{\prime }},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=-\frac{F_y^{\prime }}{F_z^{\prime }}$$

如果$F_z^{\prime }(x_0,y_0,z_0)\ne 0$，那么$z$就是$x,y$的函数，如果$F_y^{\prime }(x_0,y_0,z_0)\ne 0$。那么$y$就是$x,z$的函数，其余同理

这个很重要，这里先不解释，要看的话直接看最后

常考题型与典型例题

复合函数的偏导数与全微分

例1：设函数$\begin{array}{r}F(x,y)={\int }_0^{xy}\frac{\sin t}{1+t^2}dt\end{array}$，则$\begin{array}{r}\frac{\partial F}{\partial x}=()\end{array}$

$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{\partial F}{\partial x}& =\frac{y\sin xy}{1+x^2{y}^2}\\ \frac{{\partial }^{2}F}{\partial x^2}& =\frac{y^2\cos (xy)(1+x^2{y}^2)-2x{y}^3\sin xy}{(1+x^2{y}^2{)}^2}\\ \frac{{\partial }^{2}F}{\partial x^2}{|}_{\begin{array}{c}x=0\\ y=2\end{array}}^{}& =4\end{array}$$

由于是对$x$偏导，因此可以将$y$先带进去

$$\begin{array}{r}F(x,2)\\ \frac{\partial F}{\partial x}\end{array}$$