【Blinn-Phong】Phong和Blinn-Phong反射模型

weisterki

于 2023-06-21 13:16:49 发布

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Phong and Blinn-Phong Reflection Model

2023-6-20 21:46:42

The Phong reflection model was proposed by Bui Tuong Phong in 1975, which was used to simulate the reflection attenuation phenomenon on the object’s surface. Well the Blinn-Phong model was a modified version of Phong model by Jim Blinn. In this note, I will firstly introduce the theory of Phong model, and then the Blinn-Phong model, together with its improvement.

Phong Reflection Model

In Phong model, there are several material parameters:

$i_s$ which is the specular intensity;

$i_d$ which is the diffuse intensity;

$i_a$ which is the ambient intensity;

$k_s$ which is the specular reflection constant, the ratio of specular reflection of incoming light;

$k_d$ which is the diffuse reflection constant, the ratio of diffuse reflection of incoming light;

$k_a$ which is the ambient reflection constant, the ratio of reflection of ambient of all the points in the rendered scene;

$\alpha$ is the roughness constant.

In the scene, we have those vectors in the figure:

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in which,

$\hat{L_m}$ is the direction vector from the point on the surface to the light source;

$\hat{N}$ is the surface normal;

$\hat{R_m}$ is the specular reflection vector;

$\hat{V}$ is the viewer direction vector.

The subscript $m$ presents the $m_{th}$ light source. Therefore, for each of light sources, the illumination of each point on the surface $I_P$ can be calculated from:
$\begin {align*} & I_P = k_ai_a + \sum_{m\in lights}(k_d(\hat{L_m} \cdot \hat{N})i_{m,d}+k_s(\hat{R_m} \cdot \hat{V})^\alpha i_{m,s}) \end {align*}$
The specular highlight of each point on the surface is actually decided by the viewing direction and specular reflection direction. The specular direction vector $\hat{R_m}$ is calculated as the reflection of $\hat{L_m}$ on the surface characterized by the surface normal $\hat{N}$ :

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$\begin {align*} & \hat{R_m} = 2(\hat{L_m} \cdot \hat{N})\hat{N}-\hat{L_m} \end {align*}$

Blinn-Phong Reflection Model

Remind that in the Phong reflection model, the specular the surface will disappear when the angle between $\hat{R_m}$ and $\hat{V}$ is larger than $90^\circ$ since the dot product of them is negative, which is usually set as zero.

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which results in the effect of cutoff of specular edge of light reflection, as shown in the figure.

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Therefore, a new vector named halfway was introduced to eliminate the negative dot product. The halfway vector is defined as:

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$\begin {align*} & \hat{H_m} = \frac{\hat{L_m}+\hat{V}}{\left \| \hat{L_m}+\hat{V} \right \| } \end {align*}$
Now just replace the specular term of Phong model:
$\begin {align*} & I_{BP} = k_ai_a + \sum_{m\in lights}(k_d(\hat{L_m} \cdot \hat{N})i_{m,d}+k_s(\hat{N} \cdot \hat{H_m})^{\alpha'} i_{m,s}) \end {align*}$
Because the halfway vector and the surface normal is likely to be smaller than the angle between $\hat{R_m}$ and $\hat{V}$ used in Phong’s model (unless the surface is viewed from a very steep angle for which it is likely to be larger), the exponent $\alpha'$ can be set $\alpha' > \alpha$ to close the Phong model. The rendering result of Blinn-Phong can be seen in the figure: