文章目录
前言
这里计算一个积分,方便在推导中使用
一、 I ( p , q ) I(p,q) I(p,q)的定义
这个积分没有特别的名字,我们暂且用
I
(
p
,
q
)
I(p,q)
I(p,q)来称呼它,它的定义是
I
(
p
,
q
)
=
∫
0
2
π
c
o
s
2
p
θ
s
i
n
2
q
θ
d
θ
\begin{aligned} I(p,q)=\int_0^{2\pi} cos^{2p}\theta sin^{2q}\theta d\theta \end{aligned}
I(p,q)=∫02πcos2pθsin2qθdθ
我们只讨论
p
,
q
p,q
p,q为非负整数的特殊情况。
二、 I ( p , q ) I(p,q) I(p,q)的对称性
首先它具有对称性,在积分中如果做替换:
θ
→
θ
+
π
/
2
\theta\rightarrow\theta+\pi/2
θ→θ+π/2,可以看出这一点。我们写成:
I
(
p
,
q
)
=
I
(
q
,
p
)
I(p,q)=I(q,p)
I(p,q)=I(q,p)
三、 I ( p , q ) I(p,q) I(p,q)的递推公式
由于
p
,
q
p,q
p,q是对称的,不妨设
p
≤
q
p\le q
p≤q:
I
(
p
,
q
)
=
∫
0
2
π
c
o
s
2
p
θ
s
i
n
2
q
θ
d
θ
=
1
2
q
+
1
∫
0
2
π
c
o
s
2
p
−
1
θ
d
(
s
i
n
2
q
+
1
θ
)
=
−
1
2
q
+
1
∫
0
2
π
s
i
n
2
q
+
1
θ
d
(
c
o
s
2
p
−
1
θ
)
=
2
p
−
1
2
q
+
1
∫
0
2
π
c
o
s
2
p
−
2
θ
s
i
n
2
q
+
2
θ
d
θ
=
2
p
−
1
2
q
+
1
I
(
p
−
1
,
q
+
1
)
\begin{aligned} I(p,q)=&\int_0^{2\pi} cos^{2p}\theta sin^{2q}\theta d\theta =\frac1{2q+1}\int_0^{2\pi} cos^{2p-1}\theta d(sin^{2q+1}\theta)\\ =&-\frac1{2q+1}\int_0^{2\pi} sin^{2q+1}\theta d(cos^{2p-1}\theta) =\frac{2p-1}{2q+1}\int_0^{2\pi} cos^{2p-2}\theta sin^{2q+2}\theta d\theta\\ =&\frac{2p-1}{2q+1}I(p-1,q+1) \end{aligned}
I(p,q)===∫02πcos2pθsin2qθdθ=2q+11∫02πcos2p−1θd(sin2q+1θ)−2q+11∫02πsin2q+1θd(cos2p−1θ)=2q+12p−1∫02πcos2p−2θsin2q+2θdθ2q+12p−1I(p−1,q+1)
所以第一个递推公式就是:
I
(
p
,
q
)
=
2
p
−
1
2
q
+
1
I
(
p
−
1
,
q
+
1
)
…
…
(
1
)
\begin{aligned} I(p,q)=\frac{2p-1}{2q+1}I(p-1,q+1)……(1) \end{aligned}
I(p,q)=2q+12p−1I(p−1,q+1)……(1)
显然利用上式,求
I
(
p
,
q
)
I(p,q)
I(p,q)的问题可以归结为计算
I
(
0
,
r
)
I(0,r)
I(0,r)的问题:
I
(
0
,
r
)
=
∫
0
2
π
s
i
n
2
r
θ
d
θ
=
−
∫
0
2
π
s
i
n
2
r
−
1
θ
d
c
o
s
θ
=
∫
0
2
π
c
o
s
θ
d
(
s
i
n
2
r
−
1
θ
)
=
(
2
r
−
1
)
∫
0
2
π
s
i
n
2
r
−
2
θ
c
o
s
2
θ
d
θ
=
(
2
r
−
1
)
∫
0
2
π
s
i
n
2
r
−
2
θ
d
θ
−
(
2
r
−
1
)
∫
0
2
π
s
i
n
2
r
θ
d
θ
=
(
2
r
−
1
)
I
(
0
,
r
−
1
)
−
(
2
r
−
1
)
I
(
0
,
r
)
\begin{aligned} I(0,r)=&\int_0^{2\pi} sin^{2r}\theta d\theta=-\int_0^{2\pi} sin^{2r-1}\theta dcos\theta=\int_0^{2\pi} cos\theta d(sin^{2r-1}\theta)\\ =&(2r-1)\int_0^{2\pi} sin^{2r-2}\theta cos^2\theta d\theta\\ =&(2r-1)\int_0^{2\pi} sin^{2r-2}\theta d\theta-(2r-1)\int_0^{2\pi} sin^{2r}\theta d\theta\\ =&(2r-1)I(0,r-1)-(2r-1)I(0,r) \end{aligned}
I(0,r)====∫02πsin2rθdθ=−∫02πsin2r−1θdcosθ=∫02πcosθd(sin2r−1θ)(2r−1)∫02πsin2r−2θcos2θdθ(2r−1)∫02πsin2r−2θdθ−(2r−1)∫02πsin2rθdθ(2r−1)I(0,r−1)−(2r−1)I(0,r)
于是得到递推公式:
I
(
0
,
r
)
=
2
r
−
1
2
r
I
(
0
,
r
−
1
)
…
…
(
2
)
\begin{aligned} I(0,r)=\frac{2r-1}{2r}I(0,r-1)……(2) \end{aligned}
I(0,r)=2r2r−1I(0,r−1)……(2)
四、 I ( p , q ) I(p,q) I(p,q)的值
利用递推关系
(
1
)
(1)
(1)可得:
I
(
p
,
q
)
=
2
p
−
1
2
q
+
1
I
(
p
−
1
,
q
+
1
)
=
(
2
p
−
1
)
(
2
p
−
3
)
(
2
q
+
1
)
(
2
q
+
3
)
I
(
p
−
2
,
q
+
2
)
=
(
2
p
−
1
)
(
2
p
−
3
)
(
2
p
−
5
)
(
2
q
+
1
)
(
2
q
+
3
)
(
2
q
+
5
)
I
(
p
−
3
,
q
+
3
)
=
⋯
=
(
2
p
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
q
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
q
+
2
p
−
1
)
!
!
I
(
0
,
p
+
q
)
\begin{aligned} I(p,q)=&\frac{2p-1}{2q+1}I(p-1,q+1)\\ =&\frac{(2p-1)(2p-3)}{(2q+1)(2q+3)}I(p-2,q+2)\\ =&\frac{(2p-1)(2p-3)(2p-5)}{(2q+1)(2q+3)(2q+5)}I(p-3,q+3)\\ =&\cdots\\ =&\frac{(2p-1)!!(2q-1)!!}{(2q+2p-1)!!}I(0,p+q) \end{aligned}
I(p,q)=====2q+12p−1I(p−1,q+1)(2q+1)(2q+3)(2p−1)(2p−3)I(p−2,q+2)(2q+1)(2q+3)(2q+5)(2p−1)(2p−3)(2p−5)I(p−3,q+3)⋯(2q+2p−1)!!(2p−1)!!(2q−1)!!I(0,p+q)
由递推关系
(
2
)
(2)
(2)可得:
I
(
0
,
r
)
=
2
r
−
1
2
r
I
(
0
,
r
−
1
)
=
(
2
r
−
1
)
(
2
r
−
3
)
(
2
r
)
(
2
r
−
2
)
I
(
0
,
r
−
2
)
=
(
2
r
−
1
)
(
2
r
−
3
)
(
2
r
−
5
)
(
2
r
)
(
2
r
−
2
)
(
2
r
−
4
)
I
(
0
,
r
−
3
)
=
⋯
=
(
2
r
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
r
)
!
!
I
(
0
,
0
)
=
2
π
(
2
r
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
r
)
!
!
\begin{aligned} I(0,r)=&\frac{2r-1}{2r}I(0,r-1)\\ =&\frac{(2r-1)(2r-3)}{(2r)(2r-2)}I(0,r-2)\\ =&\frac{(2r-1)(2r-3)(2r-5)}{(2r)(2r-2)(2r-4)}I(0,r-3)\\ =&\cdots\\ =&\frac{(2r-1)!!}{(2r)!!}I(0,0)\\ =&2\pi\frac{(2r-1)!!}{(2r)!!}\\ \end{aligned}
I(0,r)======2r2r−1I(0,r−1)(2r)(2r−2)(2r−1)(2r−3)I(0,r−2)(2r)(2r−2)(2r−4)(2r−1)(2r−3)(2r−5)I(0,r−3)⋯(2r)!!(2r−1)!!I(0,0)2π(2r)!!(2r−1)!!
结合两个式子,并且做替换
r
→
p
+
q
r\rightarrow p+q
r→p+q,可得:
I
(
p
,
q
)
=
2
π
(
2
p
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
q
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
p
+
2
q
)
!
!
=
2
π
(
2
p
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
p
)
!
!
(
2
q
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
q
)
!
!
(
2
p
)
!
!
(
2
p
+
2
q
)
!
!
(
2
q
)
!
!
=
2
π
2
2
p
+
2
q
(
2
p
)
!
(
2
q
)
!
p
!
(
p
+
q
)
!
q
!
\begin{aligned} I(p,q)=&2\pi \frac{(2p-1)!!(2q-1)!!}{(2p+2q)!!}=2\pi \frac{(2p-1)!!(2p)!!(2q-1)!!(2q)!!}{(2p)!!(2p+2q)!!(2q)!!}\\ =&\frac{2\pi}{2^{2p+2q}} \frac{(2p)!(2q)!}{p!(p+q)!q!} \end{aligned}
I(p,q)==2π(2p+2q)!!(2p−1)!!(2q−1)!!=2π(2p)!!(2p+2q)!!(2q)!!(2p−1)!!(2p)!!(2q−1)!!(2q)!!22p+2q2πp!(p+q)!q!(2p)!(2q)!
总结
通过推导得到了公式:
I
(
p
,
q
)
=
2
π
2
2
p
+
2
q
(
2
p
)
!
(
2
q
)
!
p
!
(
p
+
q
)
!
q
!
\begin{aligned} I(p,q)=\frac{2\pi}{2^{2p+2q}} \frac{(2p)!(2q)!}{p!(p+q)!q!} \end{aligned}
I(p,q)=22p+2q2πp!(p+q)!q!(2p)!(2q)!