索引
- 传送门
- 例题1 制作模 2 2 2到模 10 10 10的指标表.
- 例题2 求解 6 x 12 ≡ 11 m o d 17 6{ {x}^{12}}\equiv 11\text{ }\bmod 17 6x12≡11 mod17.
- 例题3 求解 7 x ≡ 6 mod17 { {7}^{x}}\equiv 6\text{ mod17} 7x≡6 mod17.
- 例题4 求解 3 x 5 ≡ 1 m o d 23. 3{ {x}^{5}}\equiv 1\text{ }\bmod 23. 3x5≡1 mod23.
- 例题5 求解 3 x ≡ 2 mod23 { {3}^{x}}\equiv 2\text{ mod23} 3x≡2 mod23.
- 例题6 求解 x 15 ≡ 14 m o d 41 { {x}^{15}}\equiv 14\text{ }\bmod 41 x15≡14 mod41.
传送门
本文涉及的理论可参见博文《数论之指标(离散对数) 理论基础》.
例题1 制作模 2 2 2到模 10 10 10的指标表.
解 设模数为 m m m.
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显然 m = 2 m=2 m=2仅有原根 r = 1 r=1 r=1. φ ( 2 ) = 1 \varphi \left( 2 \right)=1 φ(2)=1, 由于
1 1 − 1 = 1 0 = 1 m o d 2 , { {1}^{1-1}}={ {1}^{0}}=1\text{ }\bmod 2, 11−1=10=1 mod2,
故有
i n d 1 1 = 0 m o d φ ( 2 ) = 1. in{ {d}_{1}}1=0\text{ }\bmod \varphi \left( 2 \right)=1. ind11=0 modφ(2)=1. -
由博文《原根求解方法》中的例子8, m = 3 m=3 m=3仅有原根 r = 2 r=2 r=2. φ ( 3 ) = 2 \varphi \left( 3 \right)=2 φ(3)=2, 由于
2 2 − 1 = 2 1 = 2 m o d 3 , 2 0 = 1 m o d 3 , { {2}^{2-1}}={ {2}^{1}}=2\text{ }\bmod 3,\text{ }{ {2}^{0}}=1\text{ }\bmod 3, 22−1=21=2 mod3, 20=1 mod3,
故有
i n d 2 2 = 1 m o d φ ( 3 ) = 2 , i n d 2 1 = 0 m o d 2. in{ {d}_{2}}2=1\text{ }\bmod \varphi \left( 3 \right)=2,\text{ }in{ {d}_{2}}1=0\text{ }\bmod 2. ind22=1 modφ(3)=2, ind21=0 mod2. -
由博文《原根求解方法》中的例子11, m = 4 m=4 m=4仅有原根 r = 3 r=3 r=3. φ ( 4 ) = φ ( 2 2 ) = 2 1 × ( 2 − 1 ) = 2 \varphi \left( 4 \right)=\varphi \left( { {2}^{2}} \right)={ {2}^{1}}\times \left( 2-1 \right)=2 φ(4)=φ(22)=21×(2−1)=2, 由于
3 2 − 1 = 3 1 = 3 m o d 4 , 3 0 = 1 m o d 4 , { {3}^{2-1}}={ {3}^{1}}=3\text{ }\bmod 4,\text{ }{ {3}^{0}}=1\text{ }\bmod 4, 32−1=31=3 mod4, 30=1 mod4,
故有
i n d 3 3 = 1 m o d φ ( 4 ) = 2 , i n d 3 1 = 0 m o d 2. in{ {d}_{3}}3=1\text{ }\bmod \varphi \left( 4 \right)=2,\text{ }in{ {d}_{3}}1=0\text{ }\bmod 2. ind33=1 modφ(4)=2, ind31=0 mod2. -
由博文《原根求解方法》中的例子8, m = 5 m=5 m=5仅有原根 r = 2 , 3 r=2,3 r=2,3. φ ( 5 ) = 4 \varphi \left( 5 \right)=4 φ(5)=4, 由于
2 4 − 1 = 2 3 = 8 ≡ 3 m o d 5 , 2 2 = 4 m o d 5 , 2 1 = 2 m o d 5 , 2 0 = 1 m o d 5 , 3 4 − 1 = 3 3 = 27 ≡ 2 m o d 5 , 3 2 = 9 ≡ 4 m o d 5 , 3 1 = 3 m o d 5 , 3 0 = 1 m o d 5 , \begin{aligned} & { {2}^{4-1}}={ {2}^{3}}=8\equiv 3\text{ }\bmod 5,\text{ }{ {2}^{2}}=4\text{ }\bmod 5,\text{ }{ {2}^{1}}=2\text{ }\bmod 5,\text{ }{ {2}^{0}}=1\text{ }\bmod 5, \\ & { {3}^{4-1}}={ {3}^{3}}=27\equiv 2\text{ }\bmod 5,\text{ }{ {3}^{2}}=9\equiv 4\text{ }\bmod 5,\text{ }{ {3}^{1}}=3\text{ }\bmod 5,\text{ }{ {3}^{0}}=1\text{ }\bmod 5, \\ \end{aligned} 24−1=23=8≡3 mod5, 22=4 mod5, 21=2 mod5, 20=1 mod5,34−1=33=27≡2 mod5, 32=9≡4 mod5, 31=3 mod5, 30=1 mod5,
故有
i n d 2 3 = 3 m o d 4 , i n d 2 4 = 2 m o d 4 , i n d 2 2 = 1 m o d 4 , i n d 2 1 = 0 m o d 4 , i n d 3 2 = 3 m o d 4 , i n d 3 4 = 2 m o d 4 , i n d 3 3 = 1 m o d 4 , i n d 3 1 = 0 m o d 4. \begin{aligned} & in{ {d}_{2}}3=3 \bmod4,\text{ }in{ {d}_{2}}4=2 \bmod4,\text{ }in{ {d}_{2}}2=1 \bmod4,\text{ }in{ {d}_{2}}1=0 \bmod4, \\ & in{ {d}_{3}}2=3 \bmod4,\text{ }in{ {d}_{3}}4=2 \bmod4,\text{ }in{ {d}_{3}}3=1 \bmod4,\text{ }in{ {d}_{3}}1=0 \bmod4. \\ \end{aligned} ind23=3mod4, ind24=2mod4, ind22=1mod4, ind21=0mod4,ind32=3mod4, ind34=2mod4, ind33=1mod4, ind31=0mod4. -
由于模 3 3 3的大于0且小于 6 6 6的原根仅有 2 , 5 2,\text{ }5 2, 5, 而 2 ≡ 0 m o d 2 , 5 ≡ 1 m o d 2 2\equiv 0\text{ }\bmod 2,\text{ }5\equiv 1\text{ }\bmod 2 2≡0 mod2, 5≡1 mod2, , 因此由博文《原根的存在性 相关定理(二)》中的定理11和定理12, m = 6 = 2 × 3 m=6=2\times 3 m=6=2×3仅有原根 r = 5 r=5 r=5. φ ( 6 ) = φ ( 2 ) φ ( 3 ) = 2 \varphi \left( 6 \right)=\varphi \left( 2 \right)\varphi \left( 3 \right)=2 φ(6)=φ(2)φ(3)=2. 由于
5 2 − 1 = 5 1 = 5 m o d 6 , 5 0 = 1 m o d 6 , { {5}^{2-1}}={ {5}^{1}}=5\text{ }\bmod 6,\text{ }{ {5}^{0}}=1\text{ }\bmod 6, 52−1=51=5 mod6, 50=1 mod6,
故有
i n d 5 5 = 1 m o d 2 , i n d 5 1 = 0 m o d 2. in{ {d}_{5}}5=1 \bmod2,\text{ }in{ {d}_{5}}1=0 \bmod2. ind55=1mod2, ind51=0mod2. -
由博文《原根求解方法》中的例子8, m = 7 m=7 m=7仅由原根 r = 3 , 5 r=3,5 r=3,5. φ ( 7 ) = 6 \varphi \left( 7 \right)=6 φ(7)=6. 计算得指标表
n m o d 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 i n d 3 / 5 ( a ) m o d 6 3 n m o d 7 1 3 2 6 4 5 a m o d 7 5 n m o d 7 1 5 4 6 2 3 a m o d 7 \begin{matrix} n\text{ }\bmod 6 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & in{ {d}_{3/5}}\left( a \right)\text{ }\bmod 6 \\ { {3}^{n}}\text{ }\bmod 7 & 1 & 3 & 2 & 6 & 4 & 5 & a\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ { {5}^{n}}\text{ }\bmod 7 & 1 & 5 & 4 & 6 & 2 & 3 & a\text{ }\bmod 7 \\ \end{matrix} n mod63n mod75n mod7011135224366442553ind3/5(a) mod6a mod7a mod7 -
由博文《原根的存在性 相关定理(二)》中的定理13, m = 8 m=8 m=8没有原根, 也就没有指标.
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模 3 3 3的大于0且小于9的原根仅有 2 , 5 , 8 2,\text{ }5,\text{ }8 2, 5, 8, 且 2 3 − 1 = 4 ≡ 1 m o d 9 , 5 3 − 1 = 25 ≡ 1 m o d 9 , 8 3 − 1 = 64 ≡ 1 m o d 9 { {2}^{3-1}}=4\cancel{\equiv }1\text{ }\bmod 9,\text{ }{ {5}^{3-1}}=25\cancel{\equiv }1\text{ }\bmod 9,\text{ }{ {8}^{3-1}}=64\equiv 1\text{ }\bmod 9 23−1=4≡ 1 mod9, 53−1=25≡ 1 mod9, 83−1=64≡1 mod9, 因此由博文《原根的存在性 相关定理 (一)》中的定理5, m = 9 m=9 m=9仅有原根 r = 2 , 5 r=2,5 r=2,5. φ ( 9 ) = φ ( 3 2 ) = 3 1 × ( 3 − 1 ) = 6 \varphi \left( 9 \right)=\varphi \left( { {3}^{2}} \right)={ {3}^{1}}\times \left( 3-1 \right)=6 φ(9)=φ(32)=31×(3−1)=6. 计算得指标表
n m o d 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 i n d 2 / 5 ( a ) m o d 6 2 n m o d 9 1 2 4 8 7 5 a m o d 9 5 n m o d 9 1 5 7 8 4 2 a m o d 9 \begin{matrix} n\text{ }\bmod 6 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & in{ {d}_{2/5}}\left( a \right) \bmod6 \\ { {2}^{n}}\text{ }\bmod 9 & 1 & 2 & 4 & 8 & 7 & 5 & a\text{ }\bmod 9 \\ { {5}^{n}}\text{ }\bmod 9 & 1 & 5 & 7 & 8 & 4 & 2 & a\text{ }\bmod 9 \\ \end{matrix} n mod62n mod95n mod9011125247