Rust 错误处理
错误简介
Rust 有错误, 无异常, Rust 错误的两个主要类别:
- 可恢复错误(recoverable), 如
Option<T> 或 Result<T, E>
泛型 - 不可恢复错误(unrecoverable), 如
panic!
宏
panic!
当出现panic(恐慌)时, 有两种选择:
- 展开(unwinding), 默认, Rust会回溯(backtrace)栈并清理遇到的每个函数的数据. Debug的时候可以
RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo run
或RUST_BACKTRACE=full cargo run
对 panic 回溯 - 终止(abort), 不清理直接退出, 内存由操作系统清理, Release时可以在Cargo.toml文件设置panic时终止, 这样生成的二进制也会小一些, 设置如下
[profile.release]
panic = 'abort'
直接 panic
fn main() {
panic!("crash and burn");
}
// thread 'main' panicked at 'crash and burn', src/main.rs:3:5
// note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
panic 的发生(如除零, 数组越界, 缓冲区溢出等)
fn main() {
let div = |x: i32, y: i32| -> i32 { x / y };
println!("div(10, 0) = {}", div(10, 0)); // panic
}
// thread 'main' panicked at 'attempt to divide by zero', src/main.rs:3:41
// note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
示例, 代码原型和测试都很适合 panic
Option
Option的原型是枚举
pub enum Option<T> {
None,
Some(T),
}
Rust没有null, 可以用Option的None, 碰到错误返回None
fn main() {
let div = |x: i32, y: i32| -> Option<i32> {
match y {
0 => None,
_ => Some(x / y),
}
};
println!("div(10, 2) = {}", div(10, 2).unwrap()); // 5
println!("div(10, 2) = {:?}", div(10, 2)); // Some(5)
println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0)); // None
println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0).unwrap_or(0)); // 0
println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0).unwrap_or_else(|| 0)); // 0
// println!("div(10, 0) = {}", div(10, 0).unwrap()); // panic
}
Result
Result的原型是枚举, 函数可以不管单个或多个错误是什么, 可以直接打印错误情况, 也可以直接往上抛, 透传错误, 看后人的智慧
enum Result<T, E> {
Ok(T),
Err(E),
}
返回 String 的例子, 结果参考注释
fn main() {
let div = |x: i32, y: i32| -> Result<i32, String> {
match y {
0 => Err("Division by zero".to_string()),
_ => Ok(x / y),
}
};
println!("div(10, 2) = {}", div(10, 2).unwrap()); // 5
println!("div(10, 0) = {}", div(10, 0).unwrap_err()); // Division by zero
println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0).err()); // Some("Division by zero")
println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0).ok()); // None
println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0).unwrap_or(0)); // 0
println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
println!("Error: {}", e); // Error: Division by zero
0 // 0 is the return value
}));
// println!("div(10, 0) = {}", div(10, 0).unwrap()); // panic
}
更多时候不返回String, 而是返回 std::io::Error
let div = |x: i32, y: i32| -> Result<i32, std::io::Error> {
match y {
0 => Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::Other, "Division by zero")),
_ => Ok(x / y),
}
};
? 操作符, 类似 .unwrap()
fn main() {
let read_file = |filename: &str| -> Result<String, std::io::Error> {
let mut f = std::fs::File::open(filename)?;
let mut s = String::new();
std::io::Read::read_to_string(&mut f, &mut s)?;
Ok(s)
};
match read_file("./Cargo.toml") {
Ok(s) => println!("read_file(\"./Cargo.toml\") = {}", s),
Err(e) => println!("read_file(\"./Cargo.toml\") = {:?}", e),
}
// Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" }
println!("read_file(\"./Cargo1.toml\") = {:?}", read_file("./Cargo1.toml").unwrap_err());
// Some(Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" })
println!("read_file(\"./Cargo1.toml\") = {:?}", read_file("./Cargo1.toml").err());
// None
println!("read_file(\"./Cargo1.toml\") = {:?}", read_file("./Cargo1.toml").ok());
// ""
println!("read_file(\"./Cargo1.toml\") = {:?}", read_file("./Cargo1.toml").unwrap_or("".to_string()));
}
main 也可以返回 Result, 这样可以通篇 ? 操作符, 有错误就直接panic, 停止程序的运行
fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
let div = |x: i32, y: i32| -> Result<i32, std::io::Error> {
match y {
0 => Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::Other, "Division by zero")),
_ => Ok(x / y),
}
};
println!("div(10, 2) = {}", div(10, 2)?);
// Error: Custom { kind: Other, error: "Division by zero" }
// println!("div(10, 0) = {:?}", div(10, 0)?);
let read_file = |filename: &str| -> Result<String, std::io::Error> {
let mut f = std::fs::File::open(filename)?;
let mut s = String::new();
std::io::Read::read_to_string(&mut f, &mut s)?;
Ok(s)
};
// Error: Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" }
println!("read_file(\"temp.txt\") = {}", read_file("temp.txt")?);
Ok(())
}
不返回 std::io::Error
或 Box<std::io::Error>
, 可以自定义Error对所有错误进行统一管理, 需要实现 Error, From等trait
// 可以把MyError放外面, main也不用返回std::io::Error
fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
#[derive(Debug)]
enum MyError {
DivByZero(String),
Io(std::io::Error),
Parse(std::num::ParseIntError),
}
impl From<std::io::Error> for MyError {
fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> MyError {
MyError::Io(err)
}
}
impl From<std::num::ParseIntError> for MyError {
fn from(err: std::num::ParseIntError) -> MyError {
MyError::Parse(err)
}
}
impl From<MyError> for std::io::Error {
fn from(err: MyError) -> std::io::Error {
match err {
MyError::Io(err) => err,
_ => std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::Other, err),
}
}
}
impl std::fmt::Display for MyError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
match self {
MyError::DivByZero(msg) => write!(f, "DivByZero({})", msg),
MyError::Io(err) => write!(f, "Io({})", err),
MyError::Parse(err) => write!(f, "Parse({})", err),
}
}
}
impl std::error::Error for MyError {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
match self {
MyError::Io(err) => Some(err),
MyError::Parse(err) => Some(err),
_ => None,
}
}
}
let div = |x: i32, y: i32| -> Result<i32, MyError> {
match y {
0 => Err(MyError::DivByZero("Division by zero".to_string())),
_ => Ok(x / y),
}
};
println!("div(10, 0) = {}", div(10, 0).unwrap_err()); // DivByZero(Division by zero)
println!("div(10, 2) = {}", div(10, 2)?);
let read_int = || -> Result<i32, MyError> {
let mut input = String::new();
std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut input)?;
let n: i32 = input.trim().parse()?;
Ok(n)
};
let x = read_int()?;
println!("x = {}", x);
let read_file = |filename: &str| -> Result<String, MyError> {
let mut f = std::fs::File::open(filename)?;
let mut s = String::new();
std::io::Read::read_to_string(&mut f, &mut s)?;
Ok(s)
};
let s = read_file("temp.rs")?;
println!("s = {}", s);
Ok(())
}
上面的一堆看着都头疼, 可以使用 dtolnay/thiserror: derive(Error) for struct and enum error types (github.com) 进行简化, Cargo.toml添加
[dependencies]
thiserror = "1.0.38"
然后main.rs就可以简写如下, 这样看着就清爽了很多
#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
enum MyError {
#[error("Division by zero")]
DivByZero,
#[error("IO error: {0}")]
Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
#[error("Parse error: {0}")]
Parse(#[from] std::num::ParseIntError),
}
fn main() -> Result<(), MyError> {
let div = |x: i32, y: i32| -> Result<i32, MyError> {
match y {
0 => Err(MyError::DivByZero),
_ => Ok(x / y),
}
};
println!("div(10, 0) = {}", div(10, 0).unwrap_err()); // DivByZero(Division by zero)
println!("div(10, 2) = {}", div(10, 2)?);
let read_int = || -> Result<i32, MyError> {
let mut input = String::new();
std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut input)?;
let n: i32 = input.trim().parse()?;
Ok(n)
};
let x = read_int()?;
println!("x = {}", x);
let read_file = |filename: &str| -> Result<String, MyError> {
let mut f = std::fs::File::open(filename)?;
let mut s = String::new();
std::io::Read::read_to_string(&mut f, &mut s)?;
Ok(s)
};
let s = read_file("temp.rs")?;
println!("s = {}", s);
Ok(())
}
参考
如有错误, 敬请指正, 参考如下:
- 错误处理 - Rust 程序设计语言 简体中文版 (bootcss.com)
- Rust 错误处理_SongpingWang的博客-CSDN博客_rust unwrap函数
- Rust 错误处理(二)_SongpingWang的博客-CSDN博客_rust thiserror
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