ROS实践-机器人建模

机器人介绍

机器人由四部分组成:控制系统(大脑)、传感系统(眼睛)、驱动系统(肌肉)、执行系统(手)。
传感器输入信号,控制系统接受并释放控制命令,驱动将控制命令转化为执行系统能够执行的信号,执行系统执行。

建模

URDF-Unified Robot Description Format-统一机器人格式,ROS可以解析URDF文件中使用XML格式描述的机器人模型。
在URDF文件中机器人的组成部分大概可以被分为两类:joint(关节)、link(刚体)。
link描述某个刚体的外观和物理属性:外观参数:尺寸、颜色、形状。惯性参数:惯性矩阵。碰撞属性:碰撞参数。
joint描述关节的运动学和动力学属性,包括关节的位置和速度限制,可以分为6类:continuous、revolute、prismatic、planar、floating、fixed,它们都有各自的使用范围。尤其是continuous-旋转关节,无限制,轮子和revolute有限制,这两类是经常被用到的。
创建一个机器人建模的功能包-实现一个简单的URDF模型:
catkin_create_pkg mbot_description urdf xacro
机器人名字_description约定俗成的表示机器人的模型文件,两个功能包依赖。
在功能包内不再是放.cpp文件了,全是一些文件夹。创建4个文件夹:urdf(放置机器人的具体模型文件)、meshes(放置机器人的外观纹理文件),建一个launch文件夹来启动,一个config文件夹配置。
(1)在luanch文件夹下写display_mbot_base_urdf.launch用来更方便的启动。

<launch>
	<param name="robot_description" textfile="$(find mbot_description)/urdf/mbot_base.urdf" />

	<!-- 设置GUI参数,显示关节控制插件 -->
	<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>
	
	<!-- 运行joint_state_publisher节点,发布机器人的关节状态  -->
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />
	
	<!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点,发布tf  -->
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="state_publisher" />
	
	<!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find mbot_description)/config/mbot_urdf.rviz" required="true" />
</launch>

(2)在urdf文件夹下创建mbot_base.urdf文件(底座的模型)进行建模。
在实验中可以自己调整参数看看有什么变化来促进理解各个参数的意义。

<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<robot name="mbot">

    <link name="base_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder length="0.16" radius="0.20"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="yellow">
                <color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="left_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="left_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="left_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="right_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0 -0.19 -0.05" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="right_wheel_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="right_wheel_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="1.5707 0 0" />
            <geometry>
                <cylinder radius="0.06" length = "0.025"/>
            </geometry>
            <material name="white">
                <color rgba="1 1 1 0.9"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="front_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="front_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="front_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="back_caster_joint" type="continuous">
        <origin xyz="-0.18 0 -0.095" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="back_caster_link"/>
        <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
    </joint>

    <link name="back_caster_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <geometry>
                <sphere radius="0.015" />
            </geometry>
            <material name="black">
                <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
            </material>
        </visual>
    </link>

</robot>

(3)在config文件夹中对rviz配置,创建mbot.rviz配置文件,都是rviz的固定格式,不需要看懂。

Panels:
  - Class: rviz/Displays
    Help Height: 78
    Name: Displays
    Property Tree Widget:
      Expanded:
        - /Global Options1
        - /Status1
        - /TF1
      Splitter Ratio: 0.5
    Tree Height: 473
  - Class: rviz/Selection
    Name: Selection
  - Class: rviz/Tool Properties
    Expanded:
      - /2D Pose Estimate1
      - /2D Nav Goal1
      - /Publish Point1
    Name: Tool Properties
    Splitter Ratio: 0.588679016
  - Class: rviz/Views
    Expanded:
      - /Current View1
    Name: Views
    Splitter Ratio: 0.5
  - Class: rviz/Time
    Experimental: false
    Name: Time
    SyncMode: 0
    SyncSource: ""
Visualization Manager:
  Class: ""
  Displays:
    - Alpha: 0.5
      Cell Size: 1
      Class: rviz/Grid
      Color: 160; 160; 164
      Enabled: true
      Line Style:
        Line Width: 0.0299999993
        Value: Lines
      Name: Grid
      Normal Cell Count: 0
      Offset:
        X: 0
        Y: 0
        Z: 0
      Plane: XY
      Plane Cell Count: 10
      Reference Frame: <Fixed Frame>
      Value: true
    - Alpha: 1
      Class: rviz/RobotModel
      Collision Enabled: false
      Enabled: true
      Links:
        All Links Enabled: true
        Expand Joint Details: false
        Expand Link Details: false
        Expand Tree: false
        Link Tree Style: Links in Alphabetic Order
        back_castor_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        base_footprint:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        base_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        front_castor_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        left_wheel_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        right_wheel_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
      Name: RobotModel
      Robot Description: robot_description
      TF Prefix: ""
      Update Interval: 0
      Value: true
      Visual Enabled: true
    - Class: rviz/TF
      Enabled: true
      Frame Timeout: 15
      Frames:
        All Enabled: true
        back_castor_link:
          Value: true
        base_footprint:
          Value: true
        base_link:
          Value: true
        front_castor_link:
          Value: true
        left_wheel_link:
          Value: true
        right_wheel_link:
          Value: true
      Marker Scale: 0.100000001
      Name: TF
      Show Arrows: true
      Show Axes: true
      Show Names: true
      Tree:
        base_footprint:
          base_link:
            back_castor_link:
              {}
            front_castor_link:
              {}
            left_wheel_link:
              {}
            right_wheel_link:
              {}
      Update Interval: 0
      Value: true
  Enabled: true
  Global Options:
    Background Color: 48; 48; 48
    Default Light: true
    Fixed Frame: base_footprint
    Frame Rate: 30
  Name: root
  Tools:
    - Class: rviz/Interact
      Hide Inactive Objects: true
    - Class: rviz/MoveCamera
    - Class: rviz/Select
    - Class: rviz/FocusCamera
    - Class: rviz/Measure
    - Class: rviz/SetInitialPose
      Topic: /initialpose
    - Class: rviz/SetGoal
      Topic: /move_base_simple/goal
    - Class: rviz/PublishPoint
      Single click: true
      Topic: /clicked_point
  Value: true
  Views:
    Current:
      Class: rviz/Orbit
      Distance: 0.86167258
      Enable Stereo Rendering:
        Stereo Eye Separation: 0.0599999987
        Stereo Focal Distance: 1
        Swap Stereo Eyes: false
        Value: false
      Focal Point:
        X: -0.0422003381
        Y: -0.00756526971
        Z: 0.119616583
      Focal Shape Fixed Size: true
      Focal Shape Size: 0.0500000007
      Invert Z Axis: false
      Name: Current View
      Near Clip Distance: 0.00999999978
      Pitch: 0.265398145
      Target Frame: <Fixed Frame>
      Value: Orbit (rviz)
      Yaw: 0.650397897
    Saved: ~
Window Geometry:
  Displays:
    collapsed: false
  Height: 754
  Hide Left Dock: false
  Hide Right Dock: false
  QMainWindow State: 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
  Selection:
    collapsed: false
  Time:
    collapsed: false
  Tool Properties:
    collapsed: false
  Views:
    collapsed: false
  Width: 1191
  X: 276
  Y: 84

这是最基本的底座模型的创建,总结就是需要底座的urdf文件、rviz的配置文件、加载底座和rviz的launch文件。
去大文件夹下编译catkin_make,再加载路径source ./devel/setuo.bash。
使用launch mbot_description display_mbot_base_urdf.launch启动。
效果如图所示:
在这里插入图片描述
如果还要别的刚体或者关节可以自行添加。
比较特殊的是可以使用kinect纹理描述文件,用meshes标签进行加载可以实现还原实物的效果。在meshes文件夹中放置有关kinect的文件,修改urdf文件,将kinect加载到我们的模型中去,路径一定要对。

 <link name="kinect_link">
        <visual>
            <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 1.5708"/>
            <geometry>
                <mesh filename="package://mbot_description/meshes/kinect.dae" />
            </geometry>
        </visual>
    </link>

    <joint name="laser_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="0.15 0 0.11" rpy="0 0 0"/>
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="kinect_link"/>
    </joint>

相应的launch文件也要修改路径,效果如图:
在这里插入图片描述
这一节只是创建了机器人的外观模型,摄像头都还只是一个空盒子,没有实际意义。主要是urdf文件的使用和launch文件路径要注意,其他的地方就不会出问题。
大功告成!!!

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