23种设计模式（菜鸟分析版）

1 工厂方法模式

注释：把生产者和产品做成了上层抽象类，具体实现由继承类完成。

/*
 * C++ Design Patterns: Factory Method
 * Author: Jakub Vojvoda [github.com/JakubVojvoda]
 * 2016
 *
 * Source code is licensed under MIT License
 * (for more details see LICENSE)
 *
 */

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

/*
 * Product
 * products implement the same interface so that the classes can refer
 * to the interface not the concrete product
 */
class Product
{
public:
  virtual ~Product() {}
  
  virtual std::string getName() = 0;
  // ...
};

/*
 * Concrete Product
 * define product to be created
 */
class ConcreteProductA : public Product
{
public:
  ~ConcreteProductA() {}
  
  std::string getName()
  {
    return "type A";
  }
  // ...
};

/*
 * Concrete Product
 * define product to be created
 */
class ConcreteProductB : public Product
{
public:
  ~ConcreteProductB() {}
  
  std::string getName()
  {
    return "type B";
  }
  // ...
};

/*
 * Creator
 * contains the implementation for all of the methods
 * to manipulate products except for the factory method
 */
class Creator
{
public:
  virtual ~Creator() {}
  
  virtual Product* createProductA() = 0;
  virtual Product* createProductB() = 0;
  
  virtual void removeProduct( Product *product ) = 0;
  
  // ...
};

/*
 * Concrete Creator
 * implements factory method that is responsible for creating
 * one or more concrete products ie. it is class that has
 * the knowledge of how to create the products
 */
class ConcreteCreator : public Creator
{
public:
  ~ConcreteCreator() {}
  
  Product* createProductA()
  {
    return new ConcreteProductA();
  }
  
  Product* createProductB()
  {
    return new ConcreteProductB();
  }
  
  void removeProduct( Product *product )
  {
    delete product;
  }
  // ...
};


int main()
{
  Creator *creator = new ConcreteCreator();
  
  Product *p1 = creator->createProductA();
  std::cout << "Product: " << p1->getName() << std::endl;
  creator->removeProduct( p1 );
  
  Product *p2 = creator->createProductB();
  std::cout << "Product: " << p2->getName() << std::endl;
  creator->removeProduct( p2 );
  
  delete creator;
  return 0;
}

2-抽象工厂模式 (Abstract Factory)

注释：感觉和上面的模式1没有本质区别，欢迎讨论！

/*
 * C++ Design Patterns: Abstract Factory
 * Author: Jakub Vojvoda [github.com/JakubVojvoda]
 * 2016
 *
 * Source code is licensed under MIT License
 * (for more details see LICENSE)
 *
 */

#include <iostream>

/*
 * Product A
 * products implement the same interface so that the classes can refer
 * to the interface not the concrete product
 */
class ProductA
{
public:
  virtual ~ProductA() {}
  
  virtual const char* getName() = 0;
  // ...
};

/*
 * ConcreteProductAX and ConcreteProductAY
 * define objects to be created by concrete factory
 */
class ConcreteProductAX : public ProductA
{
public:
  ~ConcreteProductAX() {}
  
  const char* getName()
  {
    return "A-X";
  }
  // ...
};

class ConcreteProductAY : public ProductA
{
public:
  ~ConcreteProductAY() {}
  
  const char* getName()
  {
    return "A-Y";
  }
  // ...
};

/*
 * Product B
 * same as Product A, Product B declares interface for concrete products
 * where each can produce an entire set of products
 */
class ProductB
{
public:
  virtual ~ProductB() {}
  
  virtual const char* getName() = 0;
  // ...
};

/*
 * ConcreteProductBX and ConcreteProductBY
 * same as previous concrete product classes
 */
class ConcreteProductBX : public ProductB
{
public:
  ~ConcreteProductBX() {}
  
  const char* getName()
  {
    return "B-X";
  }
  // ...
};

class ConcreteProductBY : public ProductB
{
public:
  ~ConcreteProductBY() {}
  
  const char* getName()
  {
    return "B-Y";
  }
  // ...
};

/*
 * Abstract Factory
 * provides an abstract interface for creating a family of products
 */
class AbstractFactory
{
public:
  virtual ~AbstractFactory() {}
  
  virtual ProductA *createProductA() = 0;
  virtual ProductB *createProductB() = 0;
};

/*
 * Concrete Factory X and Y
 * each concrete factory create a family of products and client uses
 * one of these factories so it never has to instantiate a product object
 */
class ConcreteFactoryX : public AbstractFactory
{
public:
  ~ConcreteFactoryX() {}
  
  ProductA *createProductA()
  {
    return new ConcreteProductAX();
  }
  ProductB *createProductB()
  {
    return new ConcreteProductBX();
  }
  // ...
};

class ConcreteFactoryY : public AbstractFactory
{
public:
  ~ConcreteFactoryY() {}

  ProductA *createProductA()
  {
    return new ConcreteProductAY();
  }
  ProductB *createProductB()
  {
    return new ConcreteProductBY();
  }
  // ...
};


int main()
{
  ConcreteFactoryX *factoryX = new ConcreteFactoryX();
  ConcreteFactoryY *factoryY = new ConcreteFactoryY();

  ProductA *p1 = factoryX->createProductA();
  std::cout << "Product: " << p1->getName() << std::endl;
  
  ProductA *p2 = factoryY->createProductA();
  std::cout << "Product: " << p2->getName() << std::endl;
  
  delete p1;
  delete p2;
  
  delete factoryX;
  delete factoryY;
  
  return 0;
}

3-单例模式(Singleton)

注释：单例模式有很多实现方式，特别是有面试官会问你多线程下的单例模式。试试手写单例吧，单例的实现离不开构造函数、拷贝函数，public、private的理解

class Singleton
{
   public:
     // The copy constructor and assignment operator
  // are defined as deleted, which means that you
  // can't make a copy of singleton.
  //
  // Note: you can achieve the same effect by declaring
  // the constructor and the operator as private
  Singleton(Singleton const&) = delete;
  Singleton& operator=(Singleton const&) = delete;
  
  //对外部全部使用静态方式的函数
  Static Singleton* get(){
     if(!instance){
     instance = new Singleton();
   }
     return instance;
  }
  
  //对外部全部使用静态方式的函数
  Static Singleton* get()
  {
     if(!instance){
        instance = new Singleton();
     }
      return instance;
   }

  //对外部全部使用静态方式的函数
   Static void restart()
   {
     if(instance){
         delete instance;
      }
   }
   
       void tell(){
            std::cout << "This is Singleton." << std::endl;
       }

private:
  //唯一的构造函数私有化
  Singleton(){}
  //类内的静态成员变量
  static Singleton* instance;
};

//类内的静态成员变量，要在外部初始化
Singleton* Singleton::instance = nullptr;

int main(){
   //类的静态成员函数要使用这种方式调用，因为是公共的数据
   Singleton::get()->tell();
   Singleton::restart();

}

4-建造者模式(Builder)

注释：对建造者进行上层抽象，指挥者使用get和set可以切换不同的构造者，感觉还是对抽象基类的运用，是新瓶装旧酒。

/*
 * C++ Design Patterns: Builder
 * Author: Jakub Vojvoda [github.com/JakubVojvoda]
 * 2016
 *
 * Source code is licensed under MIT License
 * (for more details see LICENSE)
 *
 */

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

/*
 * Product
 * the final object that will be created using Builder
 */
class Product
{
public:
  void makeA( const std::string &part )
  {
    partA = part;
  }
  void makeB( const std::string &part )
  {
    partB = part;
  }
  void makeC( const std::string &part )
  {
    partC = part;
  }
  std::string get()
  {
    return (partA + " " + partB + " " + partC);
  }
  // ...
  
private:
  std::string partA;
  std::string partB;
  std::string partC;
  // ...
};

/*
 * Builder
 * abstract interface for creating products
 */
class Builder
{
public:
  virtual ~Builder() {}
  
  Product get()
  {
    return product;
  }
  
  virtual void buildPartA() = 0;
  virtual void buildPartB() = 0;
  virtual void buildPartC() = 0;
  // ...

protected:
  Product product;
};

/*
 * Concrete Builder X and Y
 * create real products and stores them in the composite structure
 */
class ConcreteBuilderX : public Builder
{
public:
  void buildPartA()
  {
    product.makeA( "A-X" );
  }
  void buildPartB()
  {
    product.makeB( "B-X" );
  }
  void buildPartC()
  {
    product.makeC( "C-X" );
  }
  // ...
};

class ConcreteBuilderY : public Builder
{
public:
  void buildPartA()
  {
    product.makeA( "A-Y" );
  }
  void buildPartB()
  {
    product.makeB( "B-Y" );
  }
  void buildPartC()
  {
    product.makeC( "C-Y" );
  }
  // ...
};

/*
 * Director
 * responsible for managing the correct sequence of object creation
 */
class Director {
public:
  Director() : builder() {}
  
  ~Director()
  {
    if ( builder )
    {
      delete builder;
    }
  }
  
  void set( Builder *b )
  {
    if ( builder )
    {
      delete builder;
    }
    builder = b;
  }
  
  Product get()
  {
    return builder->get();
  }
  
  void construct()
  {
    builder->buildPartA();
    builder->buildPartB();
    builder->buildPartC();
    // ...
  }
  // ...

private:
  Builder *builder;
};


int main()
{
  Director director;
  director.set( new ConcreteBuilderX );
  director.construct();
  
  Product product1 = director.get();
  std::cout << "1st product parts: " << product1.get() << std::endl;
  
  director.set( new ConcreteBuilderY );
  director.construct();
  
  Product product2 = director.get();
  std::cout << "2nd product parts: " << product2.get() << std::endl;
  
  return 0;
}

5-原型模式(Prototype)

注释：对原形做上层抽象类，然后客户每次创造的都是原形子类的拷贝。
还是对抽象基类的应用。

/*
 * C++ Design Patterns: Prototype
 * Author: Jakub Vojvoda [github.com/JakubVojvoda]
 * 2016
 *
 * Source code is licensed under MIT License
 * (for more details see LICENSE)
 *
 */

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

/*
 * Prototype
 * declares an interface for cloning itself
 */
class Prototype
{
public:
  virtual ~Prototype() {}
  
  virtual Prototype* clone() = 0;
  virtual std::string type() = 0;
  // ...
};

/*
 * Concrete Prototype A and B
 * implement an operation for cloning itself
 */
class ConcretePrototypeA : public Prototype
{
public:
  ~ConcretePrototypeA() {}
  
  Prototype* clone()
  {
    return new ConcretePrototypeA();
  }
  std::string type()
  {
    return "type A";
  }
  // ...
};

class ConcretePrototypeB : public Prototype
{
public:
  ~ConcretePrototypeB() {}
  
  Prototype* clone()
  {
    return new ConcretePrototypeB();
  }
  std::string type()
  {
    return "type B";
  }
  // ...
};

/*
 * Client
 * creates a new object by asking a prototype to clone itself
 */
class Client
{
public:
  static void init()
  {
    types[ 0 ] = new ConcretePrototypeA();
    types[ 1 ] = new ConcretePrototypeB();
  }
  
  static void remove()
  {
    delete types[ 0 ];
    delete types[ 1 ];
  }
  
  static Prototype* make( const int index )
  {
    if ( index >= n_types )
    {
      return nullptr;
    }    
    return types[ index ]->clone();
  }
  // ...

private:
  static Prototype* types[ 2 ];
  static int n_types;
};

Prototype* Client::types[ 2 ];
int Client::n_types = 2;

int main()
{
  Client::init();
  
  Prototype *prototype1 = Client::make( 0 );
  std::cout << "Prototype: " << prototype1->type() << std::endl;
  delete prototype1;
  
  Prototype *prototype2 = Client::make( 1 );
  std::cout << "Prototype: " << prototype2->type() << std::endl;
  delete prototype2;
  
  Client::remove();
  
  return 0;
}

后续模式，有时间再见分解。