【ROS】URDF XACRO学习

1.连杆

<link>
描述机器人某个刚体部分的外观和物理属性;
描述连杆尺寸、颜色、形状、惯性矩阵、碰撞参数;
每一个Link会成为一个坐标。
<link>
	<visual>
			<geometry>
				长什么样
				在什么位置
			</geometry>
	</visual>
	
	<collision>
	<collision>
	
</link>

2.关节

<joint>
描述两个link之间的关系,分为六种类型;
包括关节运动的位置和速度限制;
描述机器人关节的动力学和运动学属性
类型:

 - 旋转关节
 - 旋转关节有限制
 - 滑动关节
 - 固定关节

<joint>
</joint>

3.机器人

<robot>
</robot>

4.显示圆柱

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="F1TENTH">
  <link name="base_link">
    <visual>
      <geometry>
        <cylinder length="0.6" radius="0.2"/>
      </geometry>
    </visual>
  </link>
</robot>
<launch>
	<!-- 设置机器人模型路径参数 -->
	<param name="robot_description"  textfile="$(find F1TENTH_description)/urdf/F1TENTH.urdf"/>

	<!-- 设置GUI参数,显示关节控制器 -->
	<param name="use_gui" value="true"/>

	<!-- 运行joint_state_publisher节点,发布机器人的关节状态 -->
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher"/>

	<!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点,发布tf -->
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher"/>

	<!-- 运行rviz可视化界面  -->
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find F1TENTH_description)/config/F1TENTH_urdf.rviz" required="true"/>
</launch>

Panels:
  - Class: rviz/Displays
    Help Height: 78
    Name: Displays
    Property Tree Widget:
      Expanded:
        - /Global Options1
        - /Status1
        - /TF1
      Splitter Ratio: 0.5
    Tree Height: 473
  - Class: rviz/Selection
    Name: Selection
  - Class: rviz/Tool Properties
    Expanded:
      - /2D Pose Estimate1
      - /2D Nav Goal1
      - /Publish Point1
    Name: Tool Properties
    Splitter Ratio: 0.588679016
  - Class: rviz/Views
    Expanded:
      - /Current View1
    Name: Views
    Splitter Ratio: 0.5
  - Class: rviz/Time
    Experimental: false
    Name: Time
    SyncMode: 0
    SyncSource: ""
Visualization Manager:
  Class: ""
  Displays:
    - Alpha: 0.5
      Cell Size: 1
      Class: rviz/Grid
      Color: 160; 160; 164
      Enabled: true
      Line Style:="${}">

        Line Width: 0.0299999993
        Value: Lines
      Name: Grid
      Normal Cell Count: 0
      Offset:
        X: 0
        Y: 0
        Z: 0
      Plane: XY
      Plane Cell Count: 10
      Reference Frame: <Fixed Frame>
      Value: true
    - Alpha: 1
      Class: rviz/RobotModel
      Collision Enabled: false
      Enabled: true
      Links:
        All Links Enabled: true
        Expand Joint Details: false
        Expand Link Details: false
        Expand Tree: false
        Link Tree Style: Links in Alphabetic Order
        back_castor_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        base_footprint:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        base_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        front_castor_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        left_wheel_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
        right_wheel_link:
          Alpha: 1
          Show Axes: false
          Show Trail: false
          Value: true
      Name: RobotModel
      Robot Description: robot_description
      TF Prefix: ""
      Update Interval: 0
      Value: true
      Visual Enabled: true
    - Class: rviz/TF
      Enabled: true
      Frame Timeout: 15
      Frames:
        All Enabled: true
        back_castor_link:
          Value: true
        base_footprint:
          Value: true
        base_link:
          Value: true
        front_castor_link:
          Value: true
        left_wheel_link:
          Value: true
        right_wheel_link:
          Value: true
      Marker Scale: 0.100000001
      Name: TF
      Show Arrows: true
      Show Axes: true
      Show Names: true
      Tree:
        base_footprint:
          base_link:
            back_castor_link:
              {}
            front_castor_link:
              {}
            left_wheel_link:
              {}
            right_wheel_link:
              {}
      Update Interval: 0
      Value: true
  Enabled: true
  Global Options:
    Background Color: 48; 48; 48
    Default Light: true
    Fixed Frame: base_footprint
    Frame Rate: 30
  Name: root
  Tools:
    - Class: rviz/Interact
      Hide Inactive Objects: true
    - Class: rviz/MoveCamera
    - Class: rviz/Select
    - Class: rviz/FocusCamera
    - Class: rviz/Measure
    - Class: rviz/SetInitialPose
      Topic: /initialpose
    - Class: rviz/SetGoal
      Topic: /move_base_simple/goal
    - Class: rviz/PublishPoint
      Single click: true
      Topic: /clicked_point
  Value: true
  Views:
    Current:
      Class: rviz/Orbit
      Distance: 0.86167258
      Enable Stereo Rendering:
        Stereo Eye Separation: 0.0599999987
        Stereo Focal Distance: 1
        Swap Stereo Eyes: false
        Value: false
      Focal Point:
        X: -0.0422003381
        Y: -0.00756526971
        Z: 0.119616583
      Focal Shape Fixed Size: true
      Focal Shape Size: 0.0500000007
      Invert Z Axis: false
      Name: Current View
      Near Clip Distance: 0.00999999978
      Pitch: 0.265398145
      Target Frame: <Fixed Frame>
      Value: Orbit (rviz)
      Yaw: 0.650397897
    Saved: ~
Window Geometry:
  Displays:
    collapsed: false
  Height: 754
  Hide Left Dock: false
  Hide Right Dock: false
  QMainWindow State: 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
  Selection:
    collapsed: false
  Time:
    collapsed: false
  Tool Properties:
    collapsed: false
  Views:
    collapsed: false
  Width: 1191
  X: 276
  Y: 84

rock@hero:~/catkin_ws/src/F1TENTH_description$ tree
.
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── config
│   └── F1TENTH_urdf.rviz
├── launch
│   └── display_F1TENTH_urdf.launch
├── meshes
├── package.xml
└── urdf
    └── F1TENTH.urdf

4 directories, 5 files
rock@hero:~/catkin_ws/src/F1TENTH_description$ 

5.XACRO

<launch>
	<arg name="model" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find F1TENTH_description)/urdf/F1TENTH.xacro'" />
	<arg name="gui" default="true" />

	<param name="robot_description" command="$(arg model)" />

    <!-- 设置GUI参数,显示关节控制插件 -->
	<param name="use_gui" value="$(arg gui)"/>

    <!-- 运行joint_state_publisher节点,发布机器人的关节状态  -->
	<node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />

	<!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点,发布tf  -->
	<node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher" />

    <!-- 运行rviz可视化界面 -->
	<node name="rviz" pkg="rviz" type="rviz" args="-d $(find F1TENTH_description)/config/F1TENTH.rviz" required="true" />

</launch>

${} 运算(默认都转化为浮点数)
参数

<xacro:property name="height" value"0.2" />

宏定义

<xacro::macro name="QQ"  params="A B C">

</xacro::macro>

调用
<QQ A="" B="" C=""/>

文件包含

<xacro:include filename="$(find 功能包)/urdf/XXX.xacro" />

Gazebo添加颜色

<gazebo reference="base_link">
	<material>Gazebo/Blue</material>
</gazebo>

为joint添加传动装置

<transmission name="${prefix}_wheel_joint_trans">
	<type>transmission_interface/SimpleTransmission</type>
	<joint name="${prefix}_wheel_joint">
		<hardwareInterface>hardware_interface/VelocityJointInterface</hardwareInterface>
	</joint>
	<actuator name="${prefix}_wheel_joint_motor">
		<hardwareInterface>hardware_interface/VelocityJointInterface</hardwareInterface>
		<mechanicalReduction>1</mechanicalReduction>
	</actuator>
</transmission>

6.ros_control

  1. ROS为开发者提供的机器人控制中间件
  2. 包含一系列控制器接口,传动装置接口,硬件接口,控制器工具箱等等
  3. 可以帮助机器人应用功能包快速落地,提高开发效率
  • 速度控制:轮子
  • 位置控制:关节
  • 力控制
  • 自定义控制器

7.Gazebo

1.可视化
2.碰撞检测
3.惯性参数矩阵

<link name="base_link">
	<visual>
		<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
		<geometry>
			<cylinder length="${base_length}" radius="${base_radius}"/>
		</geometry>
		<material name="yellow" />
	<visual>	<actuator name="${prefix}_wheel_joint_motor">
		<hardwareInterface>hardware_interface/VelocityJointInterface</hardwareInterface>
		<mechanicalReduction>1</mechanicalReduction>
	</actuator>

	<collision>
		<origin xyz="0 0 0 " rqy="0 0 0" />
		<geometry>
			<cylinder length="${base_length}" radius="${base_radius}"/>
		</geometry>
	</collision>
	<cylinder_inertial_matrial m="${base_mass}" r="${base_radius}" h="${base_length}" />
</link>

关闭底盘投影重力

<gazebo reference="base_footprint">
	<turnGravityOff>false</turnGravityOff>
</gazebo>

控制器插件

<gazebo>
	<plugin name="differential_driver_controller"
								filename="libgazebo_ros_diff_driver.so">
			<rosDebugLevel>Debug</rosDebugLevel>
			<publishWheelTF>true</publishWheelTF>
	</plugin>
</gazebo>

参考资源

ROS阿克曼模型搭建全国智能车竞赛

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