重要参考:
课程链接:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ci4y1L7ZZ
讲义链接:Introduction · Autolabor-ROS机器人入门课程《ROS理论与实践》零基础教程
立足不同的角度,对ROS架构的描述也是不同的,一般我们可以从设计者、维护者、系统结构与自身结构4个角度来描述ROS结构:
1. 设计者
ROS设计者将ROS表述为“ROS = Plumbing + Tools + Capabilities + Ecosystem”
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Plumbing: 通讯机制(实现ROS不同节点之间的交互)
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Tools:工具软件包(ROS中的开发和调试工具)
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Capabilities:机器人高层技能(ROS中某些功能的集合,比如:导航)
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Ecosystem:机器人生态系统(跨地域、跨软件与硬件的ROS联盟)
2. 维护者
立足维护者的角度:ROS 架构可划分为两大部分
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main:核心部分,主要由Willow Garage 和一些开发者设计、提供以及维护。它提供了一些分布式计算的基本工具,以及整个ROS的核心部分的程序编写。
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universe:全球范围的代码,有不同国家的ROS社区组织开发和维护。一种是库的代码,如OpenCV、PCL等;库的上一层是从功能角度提供的代码,如人脸识别,他们调用下层的库;最上层的代码是应用级的代码,让机器人完成某一确定的功能。
3. 系统架构
立足系统架构:ROS 可以划分为三层
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OS 层,也即经典意义的操作系统
ROS 只是元操作系统,需要依托真正意义的操作系统,目前兼容性最好的是 Linux 的 Ubuntu、Mac、Windows 也支持 ROS 的较新版本
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中间层
是 ROS 封装的关于机器人开发的中间件,比如:
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基于 TCP/UDP 继续封装的 TCPROS/UDPROS 通信系统
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用于进程间通信 Nodelet,为数据的实时性传输提供支持
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另外,还提供了大量的机器人开发实现库,如:数据类型定义、坐标变换、运动控制....
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应用层
功能包,以及功能包内的节点,比如:master、turtlesim的控制与运动节点....
4. 自身结构
就 ROS 自身实现而言:也可以划分为三层
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文件系统
ROS文件系统级指的是在硬盘上面查看的ROS源代码的组织形式
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计算图
ROS 分布式系统中不同进程需要进行数据交互,计算图可以以点对点的网络形式表现数据交互过程,计算图中的重要概念:节点(Node)、消息(message)、通信机制_主题(topic)、通信机制_服务(service)
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开源社区
ROS的社区级概念是ROS网络上进行代码发布的一种表现形式
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发行版(Distribution) ROS发行版是可以独立安装、带有版本号的一系列综合功能包。ROS发行版像Linux发行版一样发挥类似的作用。这使得ROS软件安装更加容易,而且能够通过一个软件集合维持一致的版本。
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软件库(Repository) ROS依赖于共享开源代码与软件库的网站或主机服务,在这里不同的机构能够发布和分享各自的机器人软件与程序。
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ROS维基(ROS Wiki) ROS Wiki是用于记录有关ROS系统信息的主要论坛。任何人都可以注册账户、贡献自己的文件、提供更正或更新、编写教程以及其他行为。网址是Documentation - ROS Wiki。
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Bug提交系统(Bug Ticket System)如果你发现问题或者想提出一个新功能,ROS提供这个资源去做这些。
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邮件列表(Mailing list) ROS用户邮件列表是关于ROS的主要交流渠道,能够像论坛一样交流从ROS软件更新到ROS软件使用中的各种疑问或信息。网址是lists.ros.org Mailing Lists。
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ROS问答(ROS Answer)用户可以使用这个资源去提问题。网址是Questions - ROS Answers: Open Source Q&A Forum。
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博客(Blog)你可以看到定期更新、照片和新闻。网址是ROS robotics news,不过博客系统已经退休,ROS社区取而代之,网址是ROS Discourse。
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1.5.1 ROS文件系统
ROS文件系统级指的是在硬盘上ROS源代码的组织形式,其结构大致可以如下图所示:
WorkSpace --- 自定义的工作空间
|--- build:编译空间,用于存放CMake和catkin的缓存信息、配置信息和其他中间文件。
|--- devel:开发空间,用于存放编译后生成的目标文件,包括头文件、动态&静态链接库、可执行文件等。
|--- src: 源码
|-- package:功能包(ROS基本单元)包含多个节点、库与配置文件,包名所有字母小写,只能由字母、数字与下划线组成
|-- CMakeLists.txt 配置编译规则,比如源文件、依赖项、目标文件
|-- package.xml 包信息,比如:包名、版本、作者、依赖项...(以前版本是 manifest.xml)
|-- scripts 存储python文件
|-- src 存储C++源文件
|-- include 头文件
|-- msg 消息通信格式文件
|-- srv 服务通信格式文件
|-- action 动作格式文件
|-- launch 可一次性运行多个节点
|-- config 配置信息
|-- CMakeLists.txt: 编译的基本配置
ROS 文件系统中部分目录和文件前面编程中已经有所涉及,比如功能包的创建、src目录下cpp文件的编写、scripts目录下python文件的编写、launch目录下launch文件的编写,并且也配置了 package.xml 与 CMakeLists.txt 文件。其他目录下的内容后面教程将会再行介绍,当前我们主要介绍:package.xml 与 CMakeLists.txt 这两个配置文件。
1. package.xml
该文件定义有关软件包的属性,例如软件包名称,版本号,作者,维护者以及对其他catkin软件包的依赖性。请注意,该概念类似于旧版 rosbuild 构建系统中使用的manifest.xml文件。
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!-- 格式: 以前是 1,推荐使用格式 2 -->
<package format="2">
<!-- 包名 -->
<name>demo01_hello_vscode</name>
<!-- 版本 -->
<version>0.0.0</version>
<!-- 描述信息 -->
<description>The demo01_hello_vscode package</description>
<!-- One maintainer tag required, multiple allowed, one person per tag -->
<!-- Example: -->
<!-- <maintainer email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</maintainer> -->
<!-- 维护人员 -->
<maintainer email="xuzuo@todo.todo">xuzuo</maintainer>
<!-- One license tag required, multiple allowed, one license per tag -->
<!-- Commonly used license strings: -->
<!-- BSD, MIT, Boost Software License, GPLv2, GPLv3, LGPLv2.1, LGPLv3 -->
<!-- 许可证信息,ROS核心组件默认 BSD -->
<license>TODO</license>
<!-- Url tags are optional, but multiple are allowed, one per tag -->
<!-- Optional attribute type can be: website, bugtracker, or repository -->
<!-- Example: -->
<!-- <url type="website">http://wiki.ros.org/demo01_hello_vscode</url> -->
<!-- Author tags are optional, multiple are allowed, one per tag -->
<!-- Authors do not have to be maintainers, but could be -->
<!-- Example: -->
<!-- <author email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</author> -->
<!-- The *depend tags are used to specify dependencies -->
<!-- Dependencies can be catkin packages or system dependencies -->
<!-- Examples: -->
<!-- Use depend as a shortcut for packages that are both build and exec dependencies -->
<!-- <depend>roscpp</depend> -->
<!-- Note that this is equivalent to the following: -->
<!-- <build_depend>roscpp</build_depend> -->
<!-- <exec_depend>roscpp</exec_depend> -->
<!-- Use build_depend for packages you need at compile time: -->
<!-- <build_depend>message_generation</build_depend> -->
<!-- Use build_export_depend for packages you need in order to build against this package: -->
<!-- <build_export_depend>message_generation</build_export_depend> -->
<!-- Use buildtool_depend for build tool packages: -->
<!-- <buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend> -->
<!-- Use exec_depend for packages you need at runtime: -->
<!-- <exec_depend>message_runtime</exec_depend> -->
<!-- Use test_depend for packages you need only for testing: -->
<!-- <test_depend>gtest</test_depend> -->
<!-- Use doc_depend for packages you need only for building documentation: -->
<!-- <doc_depend>doxygen</doc_depend> -->
<!-- 依赖的构建工具,这是必须的 -->
<buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend>
<!-- 指定构建此软件包所需的软件包 -->
<build_depend>roscpp</build_depend>
<build_depend>rospy</build_depend>
<build_depend>std_msgs</build_depend>
<!-- 指定根据这个包构建库所需要的包 -->
<build_export_depend>roscpp</build_export_depend>
<build_export_depend>rospy</build_export_depend>
<build_export_depend>std_msgs</build_export_depend>
<!-- 运行该程序包中的代码所需的程序包 -->
<exec_depend>roscpp</exec_depend>
<exec_depend>rospy</exec_depend>
<exec_depend>std_msgs</exec_depend>
<!-- The export tag contains other, unspecified, tags -->
<export>
<!-- Other tools can request additional information be placed here -->
</export>
</package>
2. CMakelists.txt
文件CMakeLists.txt是CMake构建系统的输入,用于构建软件包。任何兼容CMake的软件包都包含一个或多个CMakeLists.txt文件,这些文件描述了如何构建代码以及将代码安装到何处。
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0.2) #所需 cmake 版本
project(demo01_hello_vscode) #包名称,会被 ${PROJECT_NAME} 的方式调用
## Compile as C++11, supported in ROS Kinetic and newer
# add_compile_options(-std=c++11)
## Find catkin macros and libraries
## if COMPONENTS list like find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS xyz)
## is used, also find other catkin packages
#设置构建所需要的软件包
find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS
roscpp
rospy
std_msgs
)
## System dependencies are found with CMake's conventions
#默认添加系统依赖
# find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS system)
## Uncomment this if the package has a setup.py. This macro ensures
## modules and global scripts declared therein get installed
## See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/user_guide/setup_dot_py.html
# 启动 python 模块支持
# catkin_python_setup()
################################################
## Declare ROS messages, services and actions ##
## 声明 ROS 消息、服务、动作... ##
################################################
## To declare and build messages, services or actions from within this
## package, follow these steps:
## * Let MSG_DEP_SET be the set of packages whose message types you use in
## your messages/services/actions (e.g. std_msgs, actionlib_msgs, ...).
## * In the file package.xml:
## * add a build_depend tag for "message_generation"
## * add a build_depend and a exec_depend tag for each package in MSG_DEP_SET
## * If MSG_DEP_SET isn't empty the following dependency has been pulled in
## but can be declared for certainty nonetheless:
## * add a exec_depend tag for "message_runtime"
## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt):
## * add "message_generation" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to
## find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...)
## * add "message_runtime" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to
## catkin_package(CATKIN_DEPENDS ...)
## * uncomment the add_*_files sections below as needed
## and list every .msg/.srv/.action file to be processed
## * uncomment the generate_messages entry below
## * add every package in MSG_DEP_SET to generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES ...)
## Generate messages in the 'msg' folder
# add_message_files(
# FILES
# Message1.msg
# Message2.msg
# )
## Generate services in the 'srv' folder
# add_service_files(
# FILES
# Service1.srv
# Service2.srv
# )
## Generate actions in the 'action' folder
# add_action_files(
# FILES
# Action1.action
# Action2.action
# )
## Generate added messages and services with any dependencies listed here
# 生成消息、服务时的依赖包
# generate_messages(
# DEPENDENCIES
# std_msgs
# )
################################################
## Declare ROS dynamic reconfigure parameters ##
## 声明 ROS 动态参数配置 ##
################################################
## To declare and build dynamic reconfigure parameters within this
## package, follow these steps:
## * In the file package.xml:
## * add a build_depend and a exec_depend tag for "dynamic_reconfigure"
## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt):
## * add "dynamic_reconfigure" to
## find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...)
## * uncomment the "generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options" section below
## and list every .cfg file to be processed
## Generate dynamic reconfigure parameters in the 'cfg' folder
# generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options(
# cfg/DynReconf1.cfg
# cfg/DynReconf2.cfg
# )
###################################
## catkin specific configuration ##
## catkin 特定配置##
###################################
## The catkin_package macro generates cmake config files for your package
## Declare things to be passed to dependent projects
## INCLUDE_DIRS: uncomment this if your package contains header files
## LIBRARIES: libraries you create in this project that dependent projects also need
## CATKIN_DEPENDS: catkin_packages dependent projects also need
## DEPENDS: system dependencies of this project that dependent projects also need
# 运行时依赖
catkin_package(
# INCLUDE_DIRS include
# LIBRARIES demo01_hello_vscode
# CATKIN_DEPENDS roscpp rospy std_msgs
# DEPENDS system_lib
)
###########
## Build ##
###########
## Specify additional locations of header files
## Your package locations should be listed before other locations
# 添加头文件路径,当前程序包的头文件路径位于其他文件路径之前
include_directories(
# include
${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS}
)
## Declare a C++ library
# 声明 C++ 库
# add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}
# src/${PROJECT_NAME}/demo01_hello_vscode.cpp
# )
## Add cmake target dependencies of the library
## as an example, code may need to be generated before libraries
## either from message generation or dynamic reconfigure
# 添加库的 cmake 目标依赖
# add_dependencies(${PROJECT_NAME} ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})
## Declare a C++ executable
## With catkin_make all packages are built within a single CMake context
## The recommended prefix ensures that target names across packages don't collide
# 声明 C++ 可执行文件
add_executable(Hello_VSCode src/Hello_VSCode.cpp)
## Rename C++ executable without prefix
## The above recommended prefix causes long target names, the following renames the
## target back to the shorter version for ease of user use
## e.g. "rosrun someones_pkg node" instead of "rosrun someones_pkg someones_pkg_node"
#重命名c++可执行文件
# set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME}_node PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME node PREFIX "")
## Add cmake target dependencies of the executable
## same as for the library above
#添加可执行文件的 cmake 目标依赖
add_dependencies(Hello_VSCode ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})
## Specify libraries to link a library or executable target against
#指定库、可执行文件的链接库
target_link_libraries(Hello_VSCode
${catkin_LIBRARIES}
)
#############
## Install ##
## 安装 ##
#############
# all install targets should use catkin DESTINATION variables
# See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/adv_user_guide/variables.html
## Mark executable scripts (Python etc.) for installation
## in contrast to setup.py, you can choose the destination
#设置用于安装的可执行脚本
catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS
scripts/Hi.py
DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)
## Mark executables for installation
## See http://docs.ros.org/melodic/api/catkin/html/howto/format1/building_executables.html
# install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME}_node
# RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
# )
## Mark libraries for installation
## See http://docs.ros.org/melodic/api/catkin/html/howto/format1/building_libraries.html
# install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME}
# ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION}
# LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION}
# RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CATKIN_GLOBAL_BIN_DESTINATION}
# )
## Mark cpp header files for installation
# install(DIRECTORY include/${PROJECT_NAME}/
# DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_INCLUDE_DESTINATION}
# FILES_MATCHING PATTERN "*.h"
# PATTERN ".svn" EXCLUDE
# )
## Mark other files for installation (e.g. launch and bag files, etc.)
# install(FILES
# # myfile1
# # myfile2
# DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_SHARE_DESTINATION}
# )
#############
## Testing ##
#############
## Add gtest based cpp test target and link libraries
# catkin_add_gtest(${PROJECT_NAME}-test test/test_demo01_hello_vscode.cpp)
# if(TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}-test)
# target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME}-test ${PROJECT_NAME})
# endif()
## Add folders to be run by python nosetests
# catkin_add_nosetests(test)