视觉惯性里程计Visual–Inertial Odometry(VIO)概述

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In this paper, we focus on the problem of motion tracking in unknown environments using visual and inertial sensors.We term this estimation task visual-inertial odometry (VIO), in analogy to the well-known visual-odometry problem. We present a detailed study of EKF-based VIO algorithms, by comparing both their theoretical properties and empirical performance. We show that an EKF formulation where the state vector comprises a sliding window of poses (the MSCKF algorithm) attains better accuracy, consistency, and computational efficiency than the SLAM formulation of the EKF, in which the state vector contains the current pose and the features seen by the camera. Moreover, we prove that both types of EKF approaches are inconsistent, due to the way in which Jacobians are computed. Specifically, we show that the observability properties of the EKF’s linearized system models do not match those of the underlying system, which causes the filters to underestimate the uncertainty in the state estimates. Based on our analysis, we propose a novel, real-time EKF-based VIO algorithm, which achieves consistent estimation by (i) ensuring the correct observability properties of its linearized system model, and (ii) performing online estimation of the camera-to-IMU calibration parameters. This algorithm, which we term MSCKF 2.0, is shown to achieve accuracy and consistency higher than even an iterative, sliding-window fixed-lag smoother, in both Monte-Carlo simulations and real-world testing. I
Combining visual and inertial measurements has become popular in mobile robotics, since the two sensing modalities offer complementary characteristics that make them the ideal choice for accurate Visual-Inertial Odometry or Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). While historically the problem has been addressed with filtering, advancements in visual estimation suggest that non-linear optimization offers superior accuracy, while still tractable in complexity thanks to the sparsity of the underlying problem. Taking inspiration from these findings, we formulate a rigorously probabilistic cost function that combines reprojection errors of landmarks and inertial terms. The problem is kept tractable and thus ensuring real-time operation by limiting the optimization to a bounded window of keyframes through marginalization. Keyframes may be spaced in time by arbitrary intervals, while still related by linearized inertial terms. We present evaluation results on complementary datasets recorded with our custom-built stereo visual-inertial hardware that accurately synchronizes accelerometer and gyroscope measurements with imagery. A comparison of both a stereo and monocular version of our algorithm with and without online extrinsics estimation is shown with respect to ground truth. Furthermore, we compare the performance to an implementation of a state-of-the-art stochasic cloning sliding-window filter. This competititve reference implementation performs tightly-coupled filtering-based visual-inertial odometry. While our approach declaredly demands more computation, we show its superior performance in terms of accuracy.
DM-VIO是一种基于延迟边缘化的视觉惯性里程计(Visual-Inertial Odometry)算法。视觉惯性里程计是一种通过分析相机和惯性测量单元(IMU)的数据来估计相机在三维环境中的运动的技术。DM-VIO通过边缘化传感器测量历史来实现优化过程,以提高姿态和位置估计的准确性。 传统的VIO算法通常会使用非线性优化方法来进行估计,但是由于计算能力和传感器延迟的限制,实时性和鲁棒性方面存在一定的挑战。DM-VIO通过引入延迟边缘化的方法,将传感器测量历史进行边缘化处理,从而实现了良好的实时性能。 具体来说,DM-VIO首先对传感器数据进行预处理,包括惯性测量单元的时间戳校准和相机的畸变校正。然后通过非线性优化方法估计相机的位姿和速度。在优化过程中,DM-VIO使用延迟滑窗来处理传感器延迟问题,将最近的一段时间内的测量数据一起进行优化,并通过边缘化处理来移除旧的数据。 DM-VIO算法的优势在于它能够有效地处理传感器延迟,并且在保持良好的实时性能的同时提高了估计的准确性。通过考虑传感器测量历史,DM-VIO能够更好地捕捉相机的运动特性,并减少噪声和误差的影响。 总之,DM-VIO是一种基于延迟边缘化的视觉惯性里程计算法,通过处理传感器延迟和优化历史测量数据,它能够实现更好的实时性能和准确性,对于自主导航、增强现实等应用具有重要的意义。
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