陶哲轩实分析（上）8.2及习题-Analysis I 8.2

这一节的逻辑构成是这样的：先定义了在countable集合上的级数，并且在绝对收敛下有Fubini定理成立，而后在uncountable集合上也可以定义级数，只要满足任何有限集合的sup存在。如果f是一个定义在uncountable集合上的绝对收敛级数，那么f非退化的点是至多可数的（证明需要用选择公理）。绝对收敛级数有很好理解的series laws，条件收敛级数则有Riemann的结论：可以收敛到任何实数L。

这一节的习题主要是完善正文中的定理证明，然而也不易。

Exercise 8.2.1

Exercise 3.6.3 says if there’s a function whose domain is on a finite subset of $\mathbf{N}$, then the range of this function is also finite. I’ll use this result later.
Since $X$ is at most countable, $X$ may be finite or countable. If $X$ is finite, then the statement is obviously true. Now we consider the case when $X$ is countable.
First suppose the series ${\sum }_{x\in X}f(x)$ is absolutely convergent, then there’s a bijection $g:\mathbf{N}\to X$ such that ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\infty }f(g(n))$ is absolutely convergent. Given any element $E$ in the set
$$S=\left\{\sum _{x\in A}|f(x)|:A\subseteq X,A\text{ finite}\right\}$$
We know there’s a finite set $A$ such that $E={\sum }_{x\in A}|f(x)|$ . So we can have a finite subset $S^{\prime }$ of $N$ such that $g(S^{\prime })=A$, from Exercise 3.6.3 we can have $S^{\prime }$ is bounded above by some natural number $k$, so
$$E=\sum _{x\in A}|f(x)|=\sum _{n\in S^{\prime }}|f(g(n))|\le \sum _{n=0}^k|f(g(n))|\le \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }|f(g(n))|$$
Since this is true for all $E$, we know that ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\infty }|f(g(n))|$ is an upper bound of $S$, so
$$\sup S\le \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }|f(g(n))|<+\infty$$
On the contrary, if M = sup ⁡ { ∑ x ∈ A ∣ f ( x ) ∣ ∶ A ⊆ X , A  finite } < + ∞ M=\sup\{∑_{x∈A}|f(x)|∶A⊆X,A\text{ finite}\}<+∞ M=sup{ ∑x∈A​∣f(x)∣∶A⊆X,A finite}<+∞, we assume the series ${\sum }_{x\in X}f(x)$ is not absolutely convergent, then given a bijection $g:\mathbf{N}\to X$, we have $S_N={\sum }_{n=0}^N|f(g(n))|$ is not bounded above, so there exists a $k\in \mathbf{N}$ such that ${\sum }_{n=0}^k|f(g(n))|>M$, we let A = g ( { n : 0 ≤ n ≤ k } ) A=g(\{n:0≤n≤k\}) A=g({ n:0≤n≤k}), then $A$ is finite, and
$$\sum _{n=0}^k|f(g(n))|=\sum _{x\in A}|f(x)|>M$$
This leads to a contradiction.

Exercise 8.2.2

Since ${\sum }_{x\in X}f(x)$ is absolutely convergent, the quantity $M$ is well defined. For $\forall n\in \mathbf{N}$, consider the set { x ∈ X : ∣ f ( x ) ∣ > 1 / n } \{x∈X:|f(x)|>1/n\} { x∈X:∣f(x)∣>1/n}, this set is finite with cardinality at most $Mn$, thus use Exercise 8.1.9, we know that
{ x ∈ X : f ( x ) ≠ 0 } = ⋃ n = 1 ∞ { x ∈ X : ∣ f ( x ) ∣ > 1 / n } \{x∈X:f(x)≠0\}=⋃_{n=1}^∞\{x∈X:|f(x)|>1/n\} { x∈X:f(x)​=0}=n=1⋃∞​{ x∈X:∣f(x)∣>1/n}
is at most countable.

Exercise 8.2.3

Since both ${\sum }_{x\in X}f(x)$ and ${\sum }_{x\in X}g(x)$ are absolutely convergent, the sets S = { x ∈ X : f ( x ) ≠ 0 } S=\{x∈X:f(x)≠0\} S={ x∈X:f(x)​=0} and B = { x ∈ X : g ( x ) ≠ 0 } B=\{x∈X:g(x)≠0\} B={ x∈X:g(x)​=0} are at most countable. We denote ${\sum }_{x\in X}f(x)=L$ and ${\sum }_{x\in X}g(x)=M$.
( a ) Let $A\subseteq X$ be a finite set, then by proposition 7.1.11 we have
$$\begin{array}{rl}\sum _{x\in A}|f(x)+g(x)|& \le \sum _{x\in A}|f(x)|+\sum _{x\in A}|g(x)|\\ & \le \sup \left\{\sum _{x\in A}|f(x)|:A\subseteq X,A\text{ finite}\right\}+\sup \left\{\sum _{x\in A}|g(x)|:A\subseteq X,A\text{ finite}\right\}\\ & <\infty \end{array}$$
which means
$$\begin{gathered} \sup \left\{\sum _{x\in A}|f(x)+g(x)|:A\subseteq X,A\text{ finite}\right\} \\ \le \sup \left\{\sum _{x\in A}|f(x)|:A\subseteq X,A\text{ finite}\right\}+\sup \left\{\sum _{x\in A}|g(x)|:A\subseteq X,A\text{ finite}\right\} \end{gathered}$$
Use Definition 8.2.4 we know that ${\sum }_{x\in X}|f(x)+g(x)|$ is absolutely convergent. Thus
$$\sum _{x\in X}|f(x)+g(x)|=\sum _{x\in X,f(x)+g(x)\ne 0}(f(x)+g(x))=\sum _{x\in S\cup B}(f(x)+g(x))$$
$S\cup B$ is at most countable, if $S\cup B$ is finite we can use Proposition 7.1.11(f) to get
$$\sum _{x\in S\cup B}(f(x)+g(x))=\sum _{x\in S\cup B}f(x)+\sum _{x\in S\cup B}g(x)=\sum _{x\in S}f(x)+\sum _{x\in B}g(x)$$
If $S\cup B$ is countable, we can have a bijection $h:\mathbf{N}\to S\cup B$, s.t.
$$\sum _{x\in S\cup B}(f(x)+g(x))=\sum _{n=0}^{+\infty }\left(f\right(h(n))+g(h(n)\left)\right)$$
Let $S_N={\sum }_{n=0}^N\left(f\right(h(n))+g(h(n)\left)\right)={\sum }_{n=0}^{N}f(h(n))+{\sum }_{n=0}^{N}g(h(n))$ , we know that when $N\to \infty$, ${\sum }_{n=0}^{N}f(h(n))\to L$ since $A\subseteq A\cup B$, by the same logic,