The first portion of this section treats linear functionals on an inner product space and their relation to the inner product. The basic result is that any linear functional f f f on a finite-dimensional inner product space is ‘inner product with a fixed vector in the space,’ i.e., that such an f f f has the form f ( α ) = ( α ∣ β ) f(\alpha)=(\alpha|\beta) f(α)=(α∣β) for some fixed β ∈ V \beta\in V β∈V. We use this result to prove the existence of the ‘adjoint’ of a linear operator T T T on V V V, this being a linear operator T ∗ T^* T∗ such that ( T α ∣ β ) = ( α ∣ T ∗ β ) (T\alpha|\beta)=(\alpha|T^*\beta) (Tα∣β)=(α∣T∗β) for all α , β ∈ V \alpha,\beta\in V α,β∈V. Through the use of an orthonormal basis, this adjoint operator on linear operator (passing from T T T to T ∗ T^* T∗) is identified with the operation of forming the conjugate transpose of a matrix. We explore slightly the analogy between the adjoint operation and conjugation on complex numbers.
Exercises
1.Let V V V be the space C 2 C^2 C2, with the standard inner product. Let T T T be the linear operator defined by T ϵ 1 = ( 1 , − 2 ) , T ϵ 2 = ( i , − 1 ) T\epsilon_1=(1,-2),T\epsilon_2=(i,-1) Tϵ1=(1,−2),Tϵ2=(i,−1). If α = ( x 1 , x 2 ) \alpha=(x_1,x_2) α=(x1,x2), find T ∗ α T^*\alpha T∗α.
Solution: The matrix of T T T in the standard ordered basis is [ 1 i − 2 − 1 ] \begin{bmatrix}1&i\\-2&-1\end{bmatrix} [1−2i−1], which means the matrix of T ∗ T^* T∗ in the standard ordered basis is [ 1 − 2 − i − 1 ] \begin{bmatrix}1&-2\\-i&-1\end{bmatrix} [1−i−2−1], thus
T ∗ α = x 1 T ∗ ϵ 1 + x 2 T ∗ ϵ 2 = x 1 ( 1 , − i ) + x 2 ( − 2 , − 1 ) = ( x 1 − 2 x 2 , − i x 1 − x 2 ) T^*\alpha=x_1T^*\epsilon_1+x_2T^*\epsilon_2=x_1(1,-i)+x_2(-2,-1)=(x_1-2x_2,-ix_1-x_2) T∗α=x1T∗ϵ1+x2T∗ϵ2=x1(1,−i)+x2(−2,−1)=(x1−2x2,−ix1−x2)
2.Let T T T be the linear operator on C 2 C^2 C2 defined by T ϵ 1 = ( 1 + i , 2 ) , T ϵ 2 = ( i , i ) T\epsilon_1=(1+i,2),T\epsilon_2=(i,i) Tϵ1=(1+i,2),Tϵ2=(i,i). Using the standard inner product, find the matrix of T ∗ T^* T∗ in the standard ordered basis. Does T T T commute with T ∗ T^* T∗?
Solution: The matrix of T T T in the standard ordered basis is [ 1 + i i 2 i ] \begin{bmatrix}1+i&i\\2&i\end{bmatrix} [1+i2ii], which means the matrix of T ∗ T^* T∗ in the standard ordered basis is [ 1 − i 2 − i − i ] \begin{bmatrix}1-i&2\\-i&-i\end{bmatrix} [1−i−i2−i]. T T T does not commute with T ∗ T^* T∗ since
[ 1 + i i 2 i ] [ 1 − i 2 − i − i ] = [ 3 3 + 2 i 3 − 2 i 5 ] , [ 1 − i 2 − i − i ] [ 1 + i i 2 i ] = [ 6 1 + 3 i 1 − 3 i 2 ] \begin{bmatrix}1+i&i\\2&i\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}1-i&2\\-i&-i\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}3&3+2i\\3-2i&5\end{bmatrix},\begin{bmatrix}1-i&2\\-i&-i\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}1+i&i\\2&i\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}6&1+3i\\1-3i&2\end{bmatrix} [1+i2ii][1−i−i2−i]=[33−2i3+2i5],[1−i−i2−i][1+i2ii]=[61−3i1+3i2]
3.Let V V V be C 3 C^3 C3 with the standard inner product. Let T T T be the linear operator on V V V whose matrix in the standard ordered basis is defined by A j k = i j + k , ( i 2 = − 1 ) A_{jk}=i^{j+k},(i^2=-1) Ajk=ij+k,(i2=−1). Find a basis for the null space of T ∗ T^* T∗.
Solution: Let B \mathscr B B be the standard ordered basis, then
[ T ] B = [ − 1 − i 1 − i 1 i 1 i − 1 ] ⟹ [ T ∗ ] B = [ − 1 i 1 i
最低0.47元/天 解锁文章
760
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
