ROS中的程序称为节点(Node),每个节点实现特定的功能,通过节点之间相互通信从而实现完整的软件功能。从描述可以看出,这是分布式程序。
文章目录
程序编写参考链接
根据链接,运行后的结果如下图所示:
一、创建工作区(workspace)
相当于IDE中的创建工程目录。工作区作为一个独立的项目进行编译,存放ROS程序的源文件、编译文件和执行文件。之后catkin_make就是在这里编译程序。
mkdir -p ~/catkin_ws/src
cd ~/catkin_ws/src
catkin_init_workspace
1.1 编译
虽然这时候工作区是空的,但是我们依然可以进行编译:
注意看哈,编译需要转到catkin_ws这个路径下,运行catkin_make。
cd ~/catkin_ws/
catkin_make
这时候,会在当前文件夹下生成devel,build这两个子文件夹,在devel文件夹下能看到几个setup.*sh文件。
1.2 验证工作区在bash中注册
在catkin_ws文件夹路径下,运行source将工作区在bash中注册。这样之后rosrun运行程序时,就可以找到程序了,否则会rosrun启动程序失败。这里提前做一个验证工作。
source devel/setup.bash
echo $ROS_PACKAGE_PATH
打印如下信息,说明工作区可以成功在bash中注册。
二、ROS工程包(Package)
在一个工作区内,可能会包含多个ROS工程包。
而最基本ROS工程包 包括 CmakeLists.txt和Package.xml 这两个文件。
其中Package.xml中主要包含本项目信息和各种依赖(depends),而CmakeLists.txt中包含了如何编译和安装代码的信息。
2.1 创建ros工程包
使用catkin_create_pkg命令去创建一个叫beginner_tutorials的包,这个包依靠std_msgs、roscpp、rospy。
cd ~/catkin_ws/src
catkin_create_pkg beginner_tutorials std_msgs rospy roscpp
2.2 编译这个工程包
参考上节的1.1小节。
三、编写发布(Publisher)程序
写一个发布(Publisher)节点。这个节点就是通信方式里的——Topic方式。
节点(node)是连接到ROS网络中可执行的基本单元。我们在这创建一个发布者—“talker”节点,这个节点持续对外发布消息。
cd ~/catkin_ws/src/beginner_tutorials/src
vi talker.cpp
在弹出的文本编辑框中输入如下:
#include "ros/ros.h"
#include "std_msgs/String.h"
#include <sstream>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
/**
* The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform
* any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic
* remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings
* directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest
* way to do it. The third argument to init() is the name of the node.
*
* You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other
* part of the ROS system.
*/
ros::init(argc, argv, "talker");
/**
* NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system.
* The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last
* NodeHandle destructed will close down the node.
*/
ros::NodeHandle n;
/**
* The advertise() function is how you tell ROS that you want to
* publish on a given topic name. This invokes a call to the ROS
* master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who
* is subscribing. After this advertise() call is made, the master
* node will notify anyone who is trying to subscribe to this topic name,
* and they will in turn negotiate a peer-to-peer connection with this
* node. advertise() returns a Publisher object which allows you to
* publish messages on that topic through a call to publish(). Once
* all copies of the returned Publisher object are destroyed, the topic
* will be automatically unadvertised.
*
* The second parameter to advertise() is the size of the message queue
* used for publishing messages. If messages are published more quickly
* than we can send them, the number here specifies how many messages to
* buffer up before throwing some away.
*/
ros::Publisher chatter_pub = n.advertise<std_msgs::String>("chatter", 1000);
ros::Rate loop_rate(10);
/**
* A count of how many messages we have sent. This is used to create
* a unique string for each message.
*/
int count = 0;
while (ros::ok())
{
/**
* This is a message object. You stuff it with data, and then publish it.
*/
std_msgs::String msg;
std::stringstream ss;
ss << "hello world " << count;
msg.data = ss.str();
ROS_INFO("%s", msg.data.c_str());
/**
* The publish() function is how you send messages. The parameter
* is the message object. The type of this object must agree with the type
* given as a template parameter to the advertise<>() call, as was done
* in the constructor above.
*/
chatter_pub.publish(msg);
ros::spinOnce();
loop_rate.sleep();
++count;
}
return 0;
}
四、编写订阅(Subscriber)程序
同理,新建订阅Topic消息的节点。
#include "ros/ros.h"
#include "std_msgs/String.h"
/**
* This tutorial demonstrates simple receipt of messages over the ROS system.
*/
void chatterCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)
{
ROS_INFO("I heard: [%s]", msg->data.c_str());
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
/**
* The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform
* any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic
* remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings
* directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest
* way to do it. The third argument to init() is the name of the node.
*
* You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other
* part of the ROS system.
*/
ros::init(argc, argv, "listener");
/**
* NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system.
* The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last
* NodeHandle destructed will close down the node.
*/
ros::NodeHandle n;
/**
* The subscribe() call is how you tell ROS that you want to receive messages
* on a given topic. This invokes a call to the ROS
* master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who
* is subscribing. Messages are passed to a callback function, here
* called chatterCallback. subscribe() returns a Subscriber object that you
* must hold on to until you want to unsubscribe. When all copies of the Subscriber
* object go out of scope, this callback will automatically be unsubscribed from
* this topic.
*
* The second parameter to the subscribe() function is the size of the message
* queue. If messages are arriving faster than they are being processed, this
* is the number of messages that will be buffered up before beginning to throw
* away the oldest ones.
*/
ros::Subscriber sub = n.subscribe("chatter", 1000, chatterCallback);
/**
* ros::spin() will enter a loop, pumping callbacks. With this version, all
* callbacks will be called from within this thread (the main one). ros::spin()
* will exit when Ctrl-C is pressed, or the node is shutdown by the master.
*/
ros::spin();
return 0;
}
五、修改Cmakelist.txt
在编译我们创建的节点之前,我们还需要编辑Cmakelist.txt文件(注意:是beginner_tutorials项目包下的CMakelist文件),告诉编辑器我们需要编辑什么文件,需要什么依赖。
在Cmakelist.txt文件末尾添加如下语句:
include_directories(include ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS})
add_executable(talker src/talker.cpp)
target_link_libraries(talker ${catkin_LIBRARIES})
add_dependencies(talker beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)
add_executable(listener src/listener.cpp)
target_link_libraries(listener ${catkin_LIBRARIES})
add_dependencies(listener beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)
六、编译程序
将目录切换到工作区目录,并执行catkin_make运行命令:正常的运行结果如下图。
cd ~/catkin_ws
catkin_make
七、运行程序
7.1 启动rosscore
首先我们得要启动ROS核心程序roscore。使用Ctrl+Alt+T新建一个终端,输入如下
roscore
7.2 运行talker节点
使用Ctrl+Alt+T新建一个终端,输入如下
在使用我们的程序之前,需要先把程序注册
cd ~/catkin_ws
source ./devel/setup.bash
rosrun beginner_tutorials talker
这时候会看到如下信息:
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931831.774057] hello world 1314931831.77
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931832.775497] hello world 1314931832.77
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931833.778937] hello world 1314931833.78
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931834.782059] hello world 1314931834.78
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931835.784853] hello world 1314931835.78
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931836.788106] hello world 1314931836.79
7.2 运行listener节点
使用Ctrl+Alt+T新建一个终端,输入如下
在使用我们的程序之前,需要先把程序注册
cd ~/catkin_ws
source ./devel/setup.bash
rosrun beginner_tutorials listener
这时候会看到如下信息:
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931969.258941] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931969.26
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931970.262246] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931970.26
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931971.266348] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931971.26
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931972.270429] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931972.27
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931973.274382] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931973.27
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931974.277694] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931974.28
[INFO] [WallTime: 1314931975.283708] /listener_17657_1314931968795I heard hello world 1314931975.28
至此,说明两个程序(节点Node)都运行成功了。