rank(A)=rank(A^TA)

Let $x\in N(A)$ where $N(A)$ is the null space of $A$. Hence

$$Ax=0\Rightarrow A^{T}Ax=0\Rightarrow x\in N(A^{T}A)$$

It means that $N(A)\subset N(A^{T}A)$. On the other hand, suppose
$x\in N(A^{T}A)$.

$$A^{T}Ax=0\Rightarrow x^T{A}^{T}Ax=0\Rightarrow (Ax{)}^T(Ax)=0\Rightarrow Ax=0\Rightarrow x\in N(A)$$

Hence $N(A^{T}A)\subset N(A)$.

Therefore

$$N(A^{T}A)=N(A)\Rightarrow dim(N(A^{T}A))=dim(N(A))\Rightarrow rank(A^{T}A)=rank(A)$$

Similarly, we can prove that

$$dim(A{A}^T)=dim(A^T).$$

Because $dim(A^T)=dim(A)$, we obtain

$$dim(A^{T}A)=dim(A)=dim(A^T)=dim(A{A}^T).$$
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