数学分析第七课(复数)

The Complex Field. We firstly introduce the definition of complex
numbers.

Definiton: A complex numbers is an ordered pair $(a,b)$ of real
numbers. $(a,b)$ and $(b,a)$ are regarded as distinct if $a\ne b$. Let
$x=(a,b),y=(c,d)$ be two complex numbers. We write $x=y$ if and only if
$a=c$ and $b=d$. We define $$\begin{array}{rl}x+y& =(a+c,b+d)\\ xy& =(ac-bd,ad+bc)\end{array}$$

From the definition, we can easily prove that complex numbers is a
field, with $(0,0)$ and $(1,0)$ in the role of $0$ and $1$. On the other
hand, we shall also note that real numbers is a subfield of complex
field. You might have noticed that we have defined the complex numbers
without any reference to the square root of $-1$. It is because that
notation $(a,b)$ is equivalent to $a+bi$.

Definiion: $$i=(0,1)$$

According to this definition, we have $$i^2=(0,1)(0,1)=(-1,0)=-1$$

$$a+bi=(a+0)+(b,0)(0,1)=(a,0)+(0,b)=(a,b)$$

Definition If $a,b$ are real and $z=a+bi$, then the complex number
$\bar{z}=a-bi$ is called the conjugate of $z$. The numbers $a$ and $b$
are the real part and the imaginary part of $z$, respectively.

$$a=Re(z),b=Im(z).$$

Cauchy-Schwarz inequality: If $\left(a_1,a_2,\cdots ,a_n\right)$
and $\left(b_1,b_2,\cdots ,b_n\right)$ are complex numbers, then
$${\left|\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_i\overline{b_i}\right|}^2⩽\sum _{i=1}^n|a_i{|}^2\sum _{i=1}^n|b_i{|}^2$$

We omit the proof because it is not instructive. It does not give any
insight of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. However, there must be some
reasons why Rudin did it like that, but I cannot figure it out.