植物的光合作用

叶片是光合作用的主要器官。

Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis. 

叶绿体是进行光合作用的细胞器，其类囊体膜（光合膜）是吸收光能并将之转化为活跃化学能的场所，碳同化过程在其间质中进行。高等植物的叶绿体色素包括叶绿素（a和b）和类胡萝卜素（胡萝卜素和叶黄素），它们分布在光合膜上。

Chloroplast is the organelle for photosynthesis, and thylakoid membrane ( photosynthetic membrane ) is the place to absorb light energy and convert it into active chemical energy. Carbon assimilation is carried out in its interstitial substance. The chloroplast pigments of higher plants include chlorophyll ( a and b ) and carotenoids ( carotenoids and lutein ), which are distributed on the photosynthetic membrane. 
 

其中叶绿素的吸收光谱、荧光和磷光现象，说明它可吸收光能、被光激发、传递光能和把光能转化为化学能。叶绿素的生物合成是以谷氨酸或α-酮戊二酸为原料，在光照条件下还原而成，既受遗传性制约，又受光照、温度、水分及矿质元素等的影响。

The absorption spectrum, fluorescence and phosphorescence of chlorophyll indicate that it can absorb light energy, be excited by light, transfer light energy and convert light energy into chemical energy. The biosynthesis of chlorophyll is based on the reduction of glutamic acid or α-ketoglutaric acid under light conditions, which is not only, but also affected by light, temperature, moisture and mineral elements. 
 

光合作用包括原初反应、电子传递和光合磷酸化及CO2同化3个相互联系的过程。

Photosynthesis includes three interrelated processes : primary reaction, electron transfer, photosynthetic phosphorylation and CO2 assimilation. 
 

原初反应包括光能的吸收、传递和光化学反应，通过它把光能转化成电能。电子传递和光合磷酸化则把电能转化为ATP和NADPH这两种活跃的化学能。

The original reaction includes the absorption, transmission and photochemical reaction of light energy, which converts light energy into electricity. Electron transport and photosynthetic phosphorylation convert electrical energy into ATP and NADPH, two active chemical energy. 
 

CO2同化有3条途径：C3途径、C4途径和CAM途径。根据Co2同化途径不同，把植物分为C3植物、C4植物和CAM植物。

There are three pathways for CO2 assimilation : C3 pathway, C4 pathway and CAM pathway. According to different Co2 assimilation pathways, plants were divided into C3 plants, C4 plants and CAM plants. 
 

C3途径是所有植物所共有的Co2同化的基本形式，其固定CO2的酶是RuBPCase，既可在叶绿体内合成淀粉，也可以通过叶绿体被膜上的“Pi运转器”，以丙糖磷酸（TP）形式运出叶绿体，在细胞质中合成蔗糖。

The C3 pathway is the basic form of Co2 assimilation shared by all plants, and its CO2-fixing enzyme is RuBPCase, which can synthesize starch in chloroplasts and sucrose in cytoplasm by transporting chloroplasts in the form of pyrose phosphate ( TP ) through the ' Pi transporter ' on chloroplast membrane.
 

C4途径是在两个细胞中完成，在叶肉细胞的胞质中，由PEPCase催化羧化反应，形成四碳二羧酸，进入维管束鞘细胞脱羧，释放的CO2进入卡尔文循环被再固定。由于这种CO2浓缩的机制，而抑制了Rubisco催化的加氧反应，因此C4植物的光呼吸低，光合速率相对高。

The C4 pathway is completed in two cells. In the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells, PEPCase catalyzes the carboxylation reaction to form tetracarboxylate, which enters the vascular bundle sheath cells for decarboxylation, and the released CO2 enters the Calvin cycle and is refixed. This mechanism of CO2 concentration inhibits Rubisco-catalyzed aerobic reaction, so the photorespiration of C4 plants is low and the photosynthetic rate is relatively high. 
 

CAM途径是植物对高温、干旱气候的特殊适应。CAM植物的气孔晚上开放，在叶肉细胞中由PEPCase催化固定CO2，形成苹果酸，储存在大液泡中；白天为减少水分丢失，气孔关闭，苹果酸脱羧产生的CO2由Rubisco催化脱羧反应，实现二氧化碳再固定。

CAM pathway is a special adaptation of plants to high temperature and arid climate. CAM plant stomatal opening at night, in mesophyll cells catalyzed by PEPCase fixed CO2, forming malic acid, stored in large vacuoles ; in the daytime, in order to reduce water loss and stomatal closure, CO2 produced by malic acid decarboxylation was catalyzed by Rubisco to achieve carbon dioxide re-fixation. 
 

光呼吸是绿色细胞在光下吸收O2放出CO2的过程，其底物是C3途径中RuBP加氧形成乙醇酸。整个乙醇酸途径是在叶绿体、过氧化物体和线粒体三个细胞器中完成的。C3植物有明显的光呼吸,C4植物光呼吸则不明显。

Photorespiration is a process in which green cells absorb O2 and emit CO2 under light. The substrate of photorespiration is the oxidation of RuBP in the C3 pathway to form glycolic acid. The ethanolic acid pathway is completed in chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondria. C3 plants have obvious photorespiration, while C4 plants do not.