opengl及osg中的几种渲染方法

glDrawArrays 和 glDrawElements 的作用都是从一个数据数组中提取数据渲染基本图元。( render primitives from array data )

注！如果要 glDrawArrays 和 glDrawElements 正确进行绘制的话，必须在之前 调用带有相应参数的 glEnableClientState 方法。 比如：

/* Enable vertex arrays. */ glEnableClientState( GL_VERTEX_ARRAY ); /* Enable texture arrays. */ glEnableClientState( GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY );

 

这两个方法的第一个形参都是代表 绘制模式(GLenum mode)。绘图模式有如下几种：

GL_POINTS
GL_LINES
GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_LINE_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLES
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN

 

我们还没有讨论点或线，所以我只介绍最后的三个 。

在我开始之前，我要提醒你，顶点数组可能包含不止一个三角形，以便当您只看到一个物体顶点数组，你要知道，不仅限于这一点。

 

假设我们有如下的顶点数据：

const GLfloat squareVertices[] = {     -1.0,  1.0, -6.0, // Top left     -1.0, -1.0, -6.0, // Bottom left     1.0,  -1.0, -6.0, // Bottom right     1.0,   1.0, -6.0  // Top right };

 

GL_POINTS - 单独的将顶点画出来。

 

GL_LINES - 单独地将直线画出来。行为和 GL_TRIANGLES 类似。

GL_LINE_STRIP - 连贯地将直线画出来。行为和 GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP 类似。

 

GL_LINE_LOOP - 连贯地将直线画出来。行为和 GL_LINE_STRIP 类似，但是会自动将最后一个顶点和第一个顶点通过直线连接起来。

 

GL_TRIANGLES - 这个参数意味着OpenGL使用三个顶点来组成图形。所以，在开始的三个顶点，将用顶点1，顶点2，顶点3来组成一个三角形。完成后，在用下一组的三个顶点(顶点4，5，6)来组成三角形，直到数组结束。

 

GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP - OpenGL的使用将最开始的两个顶点出发，然后遍历每个顶点，这些顶点将使用前2个顶点一起组成一个三角形。

所以 squareVertices[6~8]{1.0, -1.0, 6.0} 将与 squareVerticies[0~2]{-1.0, 1.0, -6.0} 和 squareVerticies[3~5]{-1.0, -1.0, -6.0} 生成一个三角形。

squareVertices[9~11]{1.0, 1,0, -6.0} 将与  squareVertices[3~5]{-1.0, -1.0, -6.0} 和squareVertices[6~8]{1.0, -1.0, 6.0} 生成三角形。

 

也就是说，P0，P1，P2这三个点组成一个三角形，P1，P2，P3这三个点也组成一个三角形。

 

注意的是， squareVerticies[0~2]表示的意思是：
squareVerticies[0] x坐标
squareVerticies[1] y坐标
squareVerticies[2] z坐标

 

 

GL_TRIANGLE_FAN - 在跳过开始的2个顶点，然后遍历每个顶点，让OpenGL将这些顶点于它们前一个，以及数组的第一个顶点一起组成一个三角形。 squareVertices[6~8]{1.0, -1.0, 6.0} 将与 squareVerticies[3~5]{-1.0, -1.0, -6.0} （前一个）和 squareVerticies[0~2]{-1.0, 1.0, -6.0}（第一个）.生成一个三角形。

 

也就是说，同样是P0，P1，P2，P3 这4个顶点。
1) 在 GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP 状态下是: P2、P1、P0 ; P3、P2、P1 这2个三角形。
2) 在 GL_TRIANGLE_FAN   状态下是: P2、P1、P0 ; P3、P2、P0 这2个三角形。

 

 

 

1.1 glDrawArrays 方法介绍

 

Description

glDrawArrays specifies multiple geometric primitives with very few subroutine calls. You can prespecify separate arrays of vertices, normals, colors, and texture coordinates and use them to construct a sequence of primitives with a single call to glDrawArrays.

 

When glDrawArrays is called, it uses count sequential elements from each enabled array to construct a sequence of geometric primitives, beginning with element first. mode specifies what kind of primitives are constructed, and how the array elements construct those primitives. If GL_VERTEX_ARRAY is not enabled, no geometric primitives are generated.

 

Vertex attributes that are modified by glDrawArrays have an unspecified value after glDrawArrays returns. For example, if GL_COLOR_ARRAY is enabled, the value of the current color is undefined after glDrawArrays executes. Attributes that aren't modified remain well defined.

示例代码：

glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);      const GLfixed vers[] = {         F2X(0.25), F2X(0.25), F2X(0.0),          F2X(0.75), F2X(0.25), F2X(0.0),          F2X(0.25), F2X(0.75), F2X(0.0),          F2X(0.75), F2X(0.75), F2X(0.0),  }; glVertexPointer(3, GL_FIXED, 0, vers);      glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, 4);      eglSwapBuffers(iGlDisp, iGlSurface);

结果：

 

 

1.2 glDrawElements 是一个OPENGL的图元绘制函数，从数组中获得数据并渲染图元。

函数原型为：

void glDrawElements( 
        GLenum mode, 
        GLsizei count,
        GLenum type, 
        const GLvoid *indices
        );

其中：
    mode 指定绘制图元的类型，但是如果GL_VERTEX_ARRAY 没有被激活的话，不能生成任何图元。它应该是下列值之一:
        GL_POINTS, GL_LINE_STRIP, 
        GL_LINE_LOOP, GL_LINES, 
        GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 
        GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, 
        GL_TRIANGLES, 
        GL_QUAD_STRIP, 
        GL_QUADS, 
        GL_POLYGON
         
    count 为绘制图元的数量。

    type 为索引数组(indices)中元素的类型，只能是下列值之一: 
        GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 
        GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 
        GL_UNSIGNED_INT
        
    indices：指向索引数组的指针。

glDrawElements函数能够通过较少的函数调用绘制多个几何图元，而不是通过OPENGL函数调用来传递每一个顶点，法线，颜色信息。

 

你可以事先准备一系列分离的顶点、法线、颜色数组，并且调用一次glDrawElements把这些数组定义成一个图元序列。

 

当调用glDrawElements函数的时候，它将通过索引使用count个成序列的元素来创建一系列的几何图元。

 

glDrawElements修改的顶点属性在glDrawElements调用返回后的值具有不确定性。

例如，在 GL_COLOR_ARRAY 被激活后，当glDrawElements执行完成时，当前的颜色值是没有指定的。没有被修改的属性值保持不变。

 

可以在显示列表中包含 glDrawElements，当glDrawElements被包含进显示列表时，相应的顶点、法线、颜色数组数据也得进入显示列表的，因为那些数组指针是ClientSideState的变量，在显示列表创建的时候而不是在显示列表执行的时候，这些数组指针的值影响显示列表。

 

glDrawElements 只能用在 OPENGL1.1 或者更高的版本。

示例代码如下：

// The vertex array is enabled for writing and used during rendering. glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);  // 顶点坐标数组 const GLfixed vers[] = {         F2X(0.25), F2X(0.25), F2X(0.0), // 第1个顶点坐标         F2X(0.75), F2X(0.25), F2X(0.0), // 第2个顶点坐标         F2X(0.25), F2X(0.75), F2X(0.0), // 第3个顶点坐标         F2X(0.75), F2X(0.75), F2X(0.0)  // 第4个顶点坐标 }; glVertexPointer(         3,        // 表示每一个顶点由3维坐标构成         GL_FIXED, // 顶点坐标数组中的元素是 GL_FIXED 类型         0,        // 从顶点坐标数组的第0个元素开始读取数据         vers      // 指向顶点坐标数组的指针         ); // 等效替换 glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4) ++ /* 索引数组. 此索引数组表示依次是 第0个顶点{F2X(0.25), F2X(0.25), F2X(0.0)}， 第1个顶点{F2X(0.75), F2X(0.25), F2X(0.0)}， 第2个顶点{F2X(0.25), F2X(0.75), F2X(0.0)}， 第3个顶点{F2X(0.75), F2X(0.75), F2X(0.0)} */ const GLubyte indices[] = {0, 1, 2, 3}; glDrawElements(         GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, // 绘图模式         4,                 // 依次从索引数组中读取4个顶点来进行绘制         GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,  // 索引数组中存放的元素的类型         indices            // 指向索引数组的指针         ); // 等效替换 glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4) -- eglSwapBuffers(iGlDisp, iGlSurface);   OpenGL VBO并不难，但是较繁琐，其实其概念跟加载纹理是一样的： 初始化阶段： 1. glGenBuffersARB(1, &nVBOVertices); //生成一个句柄 2. glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, nVBOVertices); //声明该句柄为一个vbo句柄，并选择之 3. glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, sizeof(vertices), vertices,GL_STATIC_DRAW); //将顶点集上传至server端 使用阶段： 1. glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); //开始使用vbo 2. glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, nVBOVertices);  //选择当前使用的vbo 3. glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, BUFFER_OFFSET(0));  //指定vbo顶点格式 4. glDrawArrays( GL_TRIANGLES, 0, g_pMesh->m_nVertexCount ); //画吧 5. glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY); //停止使用vbo 收尾阶段： 1. glDeleteBuffersARB(1,&nVBOVertices); //删除句柄，同时删除server端顶点缓冲 再来看看纹理缓冲是怎么使用的，其实差不多： 初始化阶段： 1. glGenTextures(1, &texID);//创建句柄 2. glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texID); //设置句柄类型 3. glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, img->GetWidth(), img->GetHeight(), 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, raw_rgba); //上传纹理缓冲 使用阶段： 1. glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); //开始使用纹理缓冲 2. glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texID); //选择当前使用的纹理缓冲 3. 发送顶点和纹理坐标，画吧...省略 4. glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); //停止使用纹理 收尾阶段： 1. glDeleteTextures(1,&texID);//删除句柄,，同时删除server端缓冲 看到了么，这个概念是不是很相似？都是： 1. 创建句柄 2. 设置句柄类型 3. 上传数据 4. 开始使用缓冲 5. 选择句柄 6. 使用缓冲 7. 停止使用缓冲 8. 删除句柄和缓冲         void Geometry::drawImplementation(RenderInfo& renderInfo) const {     State& state = *renderInfo.getState(); //    unsigned int contextID = state.getContextID();          // osg::notify(osg::NOTICE)<<"Geometry::drawImplementation"<<std::endl;     if (_internalOptimizedGeometry.valid())     {         _internalOptimizedGeometry->drawImplementation(renderInfo);         return;     }     const Extensions* extensions = getExtensions(state.getContextID(),true);     if( !( ( _vertexData.array.valid() && _vertexData.array->getNumElements() != 0 ) ||            ( _vertexAttribList.size() > 0 &&               _vertexAttribList[0].array.valid() &&               _vertexAttribList[0].array->getNumElements() != 0 ) ) )     {         return;     }     if( ( _vertexData.indices.valid() && _vertexData.indices->getNumElements() == 0 ) ||           ( _vertexAttribList.size() > 0 &&            _vertexAttribList[0].indices.valid() &&            _vertexAttribList[0].indices->getNumElements() == 0 ) )     {         return;     }     DrawNormal         drawNormal(_normalData.array.get(),_normalData.indices.get());     DrawColor          drawColor(_colorData.array.get(),_colorData.indices.get());     DrawSecondaryColor drawSecondaryColor(_secondaryColorData.array.get(),_secondaryColorData.indices.get(),extensions);     DrawFogCoord       drawFogCoord(_fogCoordData.array.get(),_fogCoordData.indices.get(),extensions);     ///     //     // Set up secondary color if required.     //     AttributeBinding secondaryColorBinding = _secondaryColorData.binding;     if (secondaryColorBinding!=BIND_OFF && !extensions->isSecondaryColorSupported())     {         // switch off if not supported or have a valid data.         secondaryColorBinding = BIND_OFF;     }          ///     //     // Set up fog coord if required.     //     AttributeBinding fogCoordBinding = _fogCoordData.binding;     if (fogCoordBinding!=BIND_OFF && !extensions->isFogCoordSupported())     {         // switch off if not supported or have a valid data.         fogCoordBinding = BIND_OFF;     }     unsigned int normalIndex = 0;     unsigned int colorIndex = 0;     unsigned int secondaryColorIndex = 0;     unsigned int fogCoordIndex = 0; #if USE_DEFAULT_NORMAL     // if no values are defined for normal and color provide some defaults...     if (_normalData.binding==BIND_OFF) glNormal3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); #endif #if USE_DEFAULT_COLOUR     if (_colorData.binding==BIND_OFF) glColor4f(1.0f,1.0f,1.0f,1.0f); #endif     typedef std::vector< ref_ptr<DrawVertexAttrib> > DrawVertexAttribList;     typedef std::map< Geometry::AttributeBinding, DrawVertexAttribList> DrawVertexAttribMap;     DrawVertexAttribMap drawVertexAttribMap;          bool vertexVertexAttributesSupported = extensions->isVertexProgramSupported();     bool handleVertexAttributes = (!_vertexAttribList.empty() && vertexVertexAttributesSupported);     bool usingVertexBufferObjects = _useVertexBufferObjects && state.isVertexBufferObjectSupported();          if (areFastPathsUsed())     {              ///         //         // fast path.                 //         if (usingVertexBufferObjects)     //用顶点缓冲区         {             //             // Vertex Buffer Object path for defining vertex arrays.             //              state.setNormalPointer(_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX ? _normalData.array.get() : 0);             state.setColorPointer(_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX ? _colorData.array.get() : 0);             state.setSecondaryColorPointer(_secondaryColorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX ? _secondaryColorData.array.get() : 0);             state.setFogCoordPointer(_fogCoordData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX ? _fogCoordData.array.get() : 0);             unsigned int unit;             for(unit=0;unit<_texCoordList.size();++unit)             {                 state.setTexCoordPointer(unit, _texCoordList[unit].array.get());             }             state.disableTexCoordPointersAboveAndIncluding(unit);             if( handleVertexAttributes )             {                 unsigned int index;                 for( index = 0; index < _vertexAttribList.size(); ++index )                 {                     const Array* array = _vertexAttribList[index].array.get();                     const AttributeBinding ab = _vertexAttribList[index].binding;                     state.setVertexAttribPointer(index, (ab==BIND_PER_VERTEX ? array : 0), _vertexAttribList[index].normalize);                     if(array && ab!=BIND_PER_VERTEX)                     {                         const IndexArray* indexArray = _vertexAttribList[index].indices.get();                         if( indexArray && indexArray->getNumElements() > 0 )                         {                             drawVertexAttribMap[ab].push_back(                                  new DrawVertexAttrib(extensions,index,_vertexAttribList[index].normalize,array,indexArray) );                         }                         else                         {                             drawVertexAttribMap[ab].push_back(                                  new DrawVertexAttrib(extensions,index,_vertexAttribList[index].normalize,array,0) );                         }                     }                 }                 state.disableVertexAttribPointersAboveAndIncluding( index );                              }             else if (vertexVertexAttributesSupported)             {                 state.disableVertexAttribPointersAboveAndIncluding( 0 );             }             state.setVertexPointer(_vertexData.array.get());//传入顶点数组及指针         }         else         {             //std::cout << "none VertexBuffer path"<<std::endl;             //             // Non Vertex Buffer Object path for defining vertex arrays.             //                         if( _vertexData.array.valid() )                 state.setVertexPointer(_vertexData.array->getDataSize(),_vertexData.array->getDataType(),0,_vertexData.array->getDataPointer());             else                 state.disableVertexPointer();             if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX && _normalData.array.valid())                 state.setNormalPointer(_normalData.array->getDataType(),0,_normalData.array->getDataPointer());             else                 state.disableNormalPointer();             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX && _colorData.array.valid())                 state.setColorPointer(_colorData.array->getDataSize(),_colorData.array->getDataType(),0,_colorData.array->getDataPointer());             else                 state.disableColorPointer();             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX && _secondaryColorData.array.valid())                 state.setSecondaryColorPointer(_secondaryColorData.array->getDataSize(),_secondaryColorData.array->getDataType(),0,_secondaryColorData.array->getDataPointer());             else                 state.disableSecondaryColorPointer();             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX && _fogCoordData.array.valid())                 state.setFogCoordPointer(GL_FLOAT,0,_fogCoordData.array->getDataPointer());             else                 state.disableFogCoordPointer();             unsigned int unit;             for(unit=0;unit<_texCoordList.size();++unit)             {                 const Array* array = _texCoordList[unit].array.get();                 if (array)                     state.setTexCoordPointer(unit,array->getDataSize(),array->getDataType(),0,array->getDataPointer());                 else                     state.disableTexCoordPointer(unit);             }             state.disableTexCoordPointersAboveAndIncluding(unit);             if( handleVertexAttributes )             {                 unsigned int index;                 for( index = 0; index < _vertexAttribList.size(); ++index )                 {                     const Array* array = _vertexAttribList[index].array.get();                     const AttributeBinding ab = _vertexAttribList[index].binding;                     if( ab == BIND_PER_VERTEX && array )                     {                         state.setVertexAttribPointer( index, array->getDataSize(), array->getDataType(),                              _vertexAttribList[index].normalize, 0, array->getDataPointer() );                     }                     else                     {                         if( array )                         {                             const IndexArray* indexArray = _vertexAttribList[index].indices.get();                             if( indexArray && indexArray->getNumElements() > 0 )                             {                                 drawVertexAttribMap[ab].push_back(                                      new DrawVertexAttrib(extensions,index,_vertexAttribList[index].normalize,array,indexArray) );                             }                             else                             {                                 drawVertexAttribMap[ab].push_back(                                      new DrawVertexAttrib(extensions,index,_vertexAttribList[index].normalize,array,0) );                             }                         }                         state.disableVertexAttribPointer( index );                     }                 }                 state.disableVertexAttribPointersAboveAndIncluding( index );                              }             else if (vertexVertexAttributesSupported)             {                 state.disableVertexAttribPointersAboveAndIncluding( 0 );             }         }                  ///         //         // pass the overall binding values onto OpenGL.         //         if (_normalData.binding==BIND_OVERALL)      drawNormal(normalIndex++);         if (_colorData.binding==BIND_OVERALL)       drawColor(colorIndex++);         if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_OVERALL)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);         if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_OVERALL)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);         if (handleVertexAttributes)         {             DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_OVERALL];             for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )             {                 list[i]->applyAndIncrement();             }         }         ///         //         // draw the primitives themselves.         //         for(PrimitiveSetList::const_iterator itr=_primitives.begin();             itr!=_primitives.end();             ++itr)         {             if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)      drawNormal(normalIndex++);             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)       drawColor(colorIndex++);             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);             if (handleVertexAttributes)             {                 DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET];                 for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                 {                     list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                 }             }             (*itr)->draw(state, usingVertexBufferObjects);//内部生成顶点纹理索引，并绑定画图         }         if (usingVertexBufferObjects)         { #if 1             state.unbindVertexBufferObject();             state.unbindElementBufferObject(); #endif         }     }     else     {           ///         //         // slow path.                 //                 typedef std::vector< ref_ptr<DrawMultiTexCoord> > DrawTexCoordList;         DrawTexCoordList drawTexCoordList;         drawTexCoordList.reserve(_texCoordList.size());         // fallback if multitexturing not supported.         ref_ptr<DrawTexCoord> drawTextCoord;         if (extensions->isMultiTexSupported() && _texCoordList.size()>1)         {             // multitexture supported..             for(unsigned int unit=0;unit!=_texCoordList.size();++unit)             {                 const ArrayData& texcoordData = _texCoordList[unit];                 if (texcoordData.array.valid() && texcoordData.array->getNumElements()>0)                 {                     if (texcoordData.indices.valid() && texcoordData.indices->getNumElements()>0)                     {                         drawTexCoordList.push_back(new DrawMultiTexCoord(GL_TEXTURE0+unit,texcoordData.array.get(),texcoordData.indices.get(),                                                                          extensions));                     }                     else                     {                         drawTexCoordList.push_back(new DrawMultiTexCoord(GL_TEXTURE0+unit,texcoordData.array.get(),0,                                                                           extensions));                     }                 }             }         }         else         {             if (!_texCoordList.empty())             {                 const ArrayData& texcoordData = _texCoordList[0];                 if (texcoordData.array.valid() && texcoordData.array->getNumElements()>0)                 {                     if (texcoordData.indices.valid())                     {                         if (texcoordData.indices->getNumElements()>0)                         {                             drawTextCoord = new DrawTexCoord(texcoordData.array.get(),texcoordData.indices.get());                         }                     }                     else                     {                         drawTextCoord = new DrawTexCoord(texcoordData.array.get(),0);                     }                 }             }         }         if(handleVertexAttributes)         {             unsigned int index;             for( index = 1; index < _vertexAttribList.size(); ++index )             {                 const ArrayData& vertAttribData = _vertexAttribList[index];                              if( vertAttribData.array.valid() && vertAttribData.array->getNumElements() > 0 )                 {                     if( vertAttribData.indices.valid() && vertAttribData.indices->getNumElements() > 0 )                     {                         drawVertexAttribMap[vertAttribData.binding].push_back(                              new DrawVertexAttrib(extensions,index,vertAttribData.normalize,vertAttribData.array.get(),vertAttribData.indices.get() ));                     }                     else                     {                         drawVertexAttribMap[vertAttribData.binding].push_back(                              new DrawVertexAttrib(extensions,index,vertAttribData.normalize,vertAttribData.array.get(),0) );                     }                             }             }         }         // disable all the vertex arrays in the slow path as we are         // sending everything using glVertex etc.         state.disableAllVertexArrays();         ///         //         // pass the overall binding values onto OpenGL.         //         if (_normalData.binding==BIND_OVERALL)      drawNormal(normalIndex++);         if (_colorData.binding==BIND_OVERALL)       drawColor(colorIndex++);         if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_OVERALL)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);         if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_OVERALL)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);         if (handleVertexAttributes)         {             DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_OVERALL];             for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )             {                 list[i]->applyAndIncrement();             }         }         // set up vertex functor.         DrawVertex drawVertex(_vertexData.array.get(),_vertexData.indices.get());         bool useVertexAttrib =  _vertexAttribList.size() > 0 &&                                 _vertexAttribList[0].array.valid() &&                                   _vertexAttribList[0].indices->getNumElements();         ref_ptr<DrawVertexAttrib> drawVertexAttribZero;         if( useVertexAttrib )         {             drawVertexAttribZero = new DrawVertexAttrib(extensions,0,                 _vertexAttribList[0].normalize,_vertexAttribList[0].array.get(),                 _vertexAttribList[0].indices.get());          }         ///         //         // draw the primitives themselves.         //         for(PrimitiveSetList::const_iterator itr=_primitives.begin();             itr!=_primitives.end();             ++itr)         {             if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)           drawNormal(normalIndex++);             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)            drawColor(colorIndex++);             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);             if (handleVertexAttributes)             {                 DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE_SET];                 for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                 {                     list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                 }             }             const PrimitiveSet* primitiveset = itr->get();             GLenum mode=primitiveset->getMode();             unsigned int primLength;             switch(mode)             {                 case(GL_POINTS):    primLength=1; break;                 case(GL_LINES):     primLength=2; break;                 case(GL_TRIANGLES): primLength=3; break;                 case(GL_QUADS):     primLength=4; break;                 default:            primLength=0; break; // compute later when =0.             }             // draw primitives by the more flexible "slow" path,             // sending OpenGL glBegin/glVertex.../glEnd().             switch(primitiveset->getType())                  //glBegin()及glEnd()画图             {                 case(PrimitiveSet::DrawArraysPrimitiveType):                 {                     if (primLength==0) primLength=primitiveset->getNumIndices();                     const DrawArrays* drawArray = static_cast<const DrawArrays*>(primitiveset);                     glBegin(mode);                     unsigned int primCount=0;                     unsigned int indexEnd = drawArray->getFirst()+drawArray->getCount();                     for(unsigned int vindex=drawArray->getFirst();                         vindex<indexEnd;                         ++vindex,++primCount)                     {                         if ((primCount%primLength)==0)                         {                             if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)           drawNormal(normalIndex++);                             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)            drawColor(colorIndex++);                             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);                             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);                             if (handleVertexAttributes)                             {                                 DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE];                                 for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                                 {                                     list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                                 }                             }                                                 }                         if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)           drawNormal(vindex);                         if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)            drawColor(vindex);                         if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)    drawSecondaryColor(vindex);                         if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)          drawFogCoord(vindex);                         if (handleVertexAttributes)                         {                             DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_VERTEX];                             for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                             {                                 list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                             }                         }                          for(DrawTexCoordList::iterator texItr=drawTexCoordList.begin();                             texItr!=drawTexCoordList.end();                             ++texItr)                         {                             (*(*texItr))(vindex);                         }                         if (drawTextCoord.valid()) (*drawTextCoord)(vindex);                         if( useVertexAttrib )                         {                             (*drawVertexAttribZero)(vindex);                         }                         else                         {                             drawVertex(vindex);                         }                     }                                          glEnd();                     break;                 }                 case(PrimitiveSet::DrawArrayLengthsPrimitiveType):                 {                     const DrawArrayLengths* drawArrayLengths = static_cast<const DrawArrayLengths*>(primitiveset);                     unsigned int vindex=drawArrayLengths->getFirst();                     for(DrawArrayLengths::const_iterator primItr=drawArrayLengths->begin();                         primItr!=drawArrayLengths->end();                         ++primItr)                     {                         unsigned int localPrimLength;                         if (primLength==0) localPrimLength=*primItr;                         else localPrimLength=primLength;                         glBegin(mode);                         for(GLsizei primCount=0;primCount<*primItr;++primCount)                         {                             if ((primCount%localPrimLength)==0)                             {                                 if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)           drawNormal(normalIndex++);                                 if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)            drawColor(colorIndex++);                                 if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);                                 if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);                                 if (handleVertexAttributes)                                 {                                     DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE];                                     for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                                     {                                         list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                                     }                                 }                               }                                                          if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)           drawNormal(vindex);                             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)            drawColor(vindex);                             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)    drawSecondaryColor(vindex);                             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)          drawFogCoord(vindex);                             if (handleVertexAttributes)                             {                                 DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_VERTEX];                                 for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                                 {                                     list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                                 }                             }                               for(DrawTexCoordList::iterator texItr=drawTexCoordList.begin();                                 texItr!=drawTexCoordList.end();                                 ++texItr)                             {                                 (*(*texItr))(vindex);                             }                             if (drawTextCoord.valid()) (*drawTextCoord)(vindex);                             if( useVertexAttrib )                             {                                 (*drawVertexAttribZero)(vindex);                             }                             else                             {                                 drawVertex(vindex);                             }                             ++vindex;                         }                                                  glEnd();                     }                     break;                 }                 case(PrimitiveSet::DrawElementsUBytePrimitiveType):                 {                     if (primLength==0) primLength=primitiveset->getNumIndices();                     const DrawElementsUByte* drawElements = static_cast<const DrawElementsUByte*>(primitiveset);                     glBegin(mode);                     unsigned int primCount=0;                     for(DrawElementsUByte::const_iterator primItr=drawElements->begin();                         primItr!=drawElements->end();                         ++primCount,++primItr)                     {                         if ((primCount%primLength)==0)                         {                             if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)           drawNormal(normalIndex++);                             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)            drawColor(colorIndex++);                             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);                             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);                             if (handleVertexAttributes)                             {                                 DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE];                                 for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                                 {                                     list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                                 }                             }                           }                                                  unsigned int vindex=*primItr;                         if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)           drawNormal(vindex);                         if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)            drawColor(vindex);                         if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)    drawSecondaryColor(vindex);                         if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)          drawFogCoord(vindex);                         if ( extensions->isVertexProgramSupported() )                         {                             DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_VERTEX];                             for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                             {                                 list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                             }                         }                          for(DrawTexCoordList::iterator texItr=drawTexCoordList.begin();                             texItr!=drawTexCoordList.end();                             ++texItr)                         {                             (*(*texItr))(vindex);                         }                         if (drawTextCoord.valid()) (*drawTextCoord)(vindex);                         if( useVertexAttrib )                         {                             (*drawVertexAttribZero)(vindex);                         }                         else                         {                             drawVertex(vindex);                         }                     }                     glEnd();                     break;                 }                 case(PrimitiveSet::DrawElementsUShortPrimitiveType):                 {                     if (primLength==0) primLength=primitiveset->getNumIndices();                     const DrawElementsUShort* drawElements = static_cast<const DrawElementsUShort*>(primitiveset);                     glBegin(mode);                     unsigned int primCount=0;                     for(DrawElementsUShort::const_iterator primItr=drawElements->begin();                         primItr!=drawElements->end();                         ++primCount,++primItr)                     {                         if ((primCount%primLength)==0)                         {                             if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)           drawNormal(normalIndex++);                             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)            drawColor(colorIndex++);                             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);                             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);                             if (handleVertexAttributes)                             {                                 DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE];                                 for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                                 {                                     list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                                 }                             }                           }                                                  unsigned int vindex=*primItr;                         if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)           drawNormal(vindex);                         if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)            drawColor(vindex);                         if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)    drawSecondaryColor(vindex);                         if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)          drawFogCoord(vindex);                         if (handleVertexAttributes)                         {                             DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_VERTEX];                             for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                             {                                 list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                             }                         }                          for(DrawTexCoordList::iterator texItr=drawTexCoordList.begin();                             texItr!=drawTexCoordList.end();                             ++texItr)                         {                             (*(*texItr))(vindex);                         }                         if (drawTextCoord.valid()) (*drawTextCoord)(vindex);                         if( useVertexAttrib )                         {                             (*drawVertexAttribZero)(vindex);                         }                         else                         {                             drawVertex(vindex);                         }                     }                     glEnd();                     break;                 }                 case(PrimitiveSet::DrawElementsUIntPrimitiveType):                 {                     if (primLength==0) primLength=primitiveset->getNumIndices();                     const DrawElementsUInt* drawElements = static_cast<const DrawElementsUInt*>(primitiveset);                     glBegin(mode);                     unsigned int primCount=0;                     for(DrawElementsUInt::const_iterator primItr=drawElements->begin();                         primItr!=drawElements->end();                         ++primCount,++primItr)                     {                         if ((primCount%primLength)==0)                         {                             if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)           drawNormal(normalIndex++);                             if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)            drawColor(colorIndex++);                             if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)    drawSecondaryColor(secondaryColorIndex++);                             if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE)          drawFogCoord(fogCoordIndex++);                             if ( extensions->isVertexProgramSupported() )                             {                                 DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_PRIMITIVE];                                 for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                                 {                                     list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                                 }                             }                           }                                                  unsigned int vindex=*primItr;                         if (_normalData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)           drawNormal(vindex);                         if (_colorData.binding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)            drawColor(vindex);                         if (secondaryColorBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)    drawSecondaryColor(vindex);                         if (fogCoordBinding==BIND_PER_VERTEX)          drawFogCoord(vindex);                         if ( extensions->isVertexProgramSupported() )                         {                             DrawVertexAttribList &list = drawVertexAttribMap[BIND_PER_VERTEX];                             for( unsigned int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i )                             {                                 list[i]->applyAndIncrement();                             }                         }                          for(DrawTexCoordList::iterator texItr=drawTexCoordList.begin();                             texItr!=drawTexCoordList.end();                             ++texItr)                         {                             (*(*texItr))(vindex);                         }                         if (drawTextCoord.valid()) (*drawTextCoord)(vindex);                         if( useVertexAttrib )                         {                             (*drawVertexAttribZero)(vindex);                         }                         else                         {                             drawVertex(vindex);                         }                     }                     glEnd();                     break;                 }                 default:                 {                     break;                 }             }         }     } }