切向量，切空间，余切空间习题

1. Prove that the tangent space $T_{p}M$ is an n-dimensional vector space by showing that
   the tangent vectors { ∂ ∂ x i ∣ p } 1 ≤ i ≤ n \{\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}\big|_p\}_{1\leq i \leq n} {∂xi∂​∣∣​p​}1≤i≤n​ forms a basis.

$\text{Proof:}$

We know that $T_{p}M$ is the functional space: { X p ∣ X p  is linear funcitonal on  C ∞ ( M )  satisfies Leibniz rule } \{X_p|X_p \text{ is linear funcitonal on }C^{\infty}(M) \text{ satisfies Leibniz rule}\} {Xp​∣Xp​ is linear funcitonal on C∞(M) satisfies Leibniz rule} only need to show it has a finite basis.

$\forall f\in C^{\infty }(M)$, we have a general Taylor’s formula with remainder:
$$f(x)=f(p)+(x^i-p^i)\frac{\partial f}{\partial x^i}+g(x),x\in M$$
$X_p(g)=0,X_p(c)=0,\forall c\in \mathbb{R}$, since $p$ is second order root of $g(x)$ and $X_p$ satisfies Leibniz rule.
Thus, $$X_p(f)=X_p((x^i-p^i)\frac{\partial f}{\partial x^i})=X_p(x^i)\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}{|}_p\cdot f$$ i.e. $X_p=X_p(x^i)\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}{|}_p$, which means that $X_p$ can be represented in a linear combination of { ∂ ∂ x i ∣ p } 1 ≤ i ≤ n \{\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}\big|_p\}_{1\leq i \leq n} {∂xi∂​∣∣​p​}1≤i≤n​, and the coefficient is $X_p(x^i)$.

Next, we need to show { ∂ ∂ x i ∣ p } 1 ≤ i ≤ n \{\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}\big|_p\}_{1\leq i \leq n} {∂xi∂​∣∣​p​}1≤i≤n​ is linear independent:

Suppose $a_i\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}{|}_p=\text{0}$, then $a_i\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}{|}_p\cdot x^j=a_i{\delta }_{ij}=a_j=0,\forall 1\le j\le n$.

Thus $T_{p}M$ is an n-dimensional vector space, with basis { ∂ ∂ x i ∣ p } 1 ≤ i ≤ n \{\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}\big|_p\}_{1\leq i \leq n} {∂xi∂​∣∣​p​}1≤i≤n​.\
 
 
 

2. Let { v i } i = 1 n ⊂ T p M \{v_i\}^n_{i=1}\subset T_pM {vi​}i=1n​⊂Tp​M be a basis of tangent vectors at $p$. Show that there is a local chart $(U,\phi ;x^i)$ around $p$ such that
   $$v_i=\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}{|}_p,i=1,\dots ,n.$$

$\text{Proof:}$

Here we define { v i } i = 1 n \{v_i\}^n_{i=1} {vi​}i=1n​ as the equivalent relation of curves on $M$, marked $v_i:=[v_i]$. Suppose these is define under $(U,\varphi )$.

Then since { v i } i = 1 n ⊂ T p M \{v_i\}^n_{i=1}\subset T_pM {vi​}i=1n​⊂Tp​M is a basis, we know $([v_i]\cdot {\varphi }^1,\dots ,[v_i]\cdot {\varphi }^n)$ is linear independent $\forall 1\le i\le n$, also we have addition and production on $T_{p}M$, i.e. we can represent the operator in matrix form, and thus $A$ is invertible:
$$\left(\begin{array}{c}[v_1]\\ [v_2]\\ ⋮\\ [v_n]\end{array}\right)\cdot \left(\begin{array}{cccc}{\varphi }^1& {\varphi }^2& \dots & {\varphi }^n\end{array}\right)=A$$
Then we can take $A^{-1}$ on both sides:
$$\left(\begin{array}{c}[v_1]\\ [v_2]\\ ⋮\\ [v_n]\end{array}\right)\cdot (\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{\varphi }^1& {\varphi }^2& \dots & {\varphi }^n\end{array}\right)\cdot A^{-1})=I$$
Since $\varphi$ is a local chart, we know the linear combination of ${\varphi }^i$ is still a local chart: $(U,\phi )$, where $\phi =\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{\varphi }^1& {\varphi }^2& \dots & {\varphi }^n\end{array}\right)\cdot A^{-1}$. And $\phi$ satisfies that ${\phi }^j\circ v_i={\delta }_{ij}t$.

Thus, by definition on $(U,\phi )$, we have $v_i=\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}{|}_p,i=1,\dots ,n$.\
 
 
 

3. Show that the cotangent space $T_p^{\ast }M$ is an n-dimensional vector space by showing that { d x i ∣ p } ⊂ T p ∗ M \{dx^i|_p\}\subset T_p^*M {dxi∣p​}⊂Tp∗​M forms a basis. Moreover, $T_p^{\ast }M$ is the dual space of the tangent space $T_{p}M$.

$\text{Proof:}$

First, claim that on a local chart $(U,\varphi )$, $\forall f\in C^{\infty }(M)$, $df{|}_p=\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}(f\circ {\varphi }^{-1})d{x}^i{|}_p$.

Set $v_i=\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}(f\circ {\varphi }^{-1})$, then we need to show $df{|}_p=d{v}_i{x}^i$.
i.e. $f\sim v_i{x}^i$ $⟺$ $\frac{\partial }{\partial x^j}(f\circ {\varphi }^{-1})=\frac{\partial }{\partial x^j}\cdot v_i{x}^i$, by the definition of $\frac{\partial }{\partial x^i}{|}_p\cdot$ we know that the latter equals $v_j=LHS$.

Thus, the claim is proved. Before we show { d x i ∣ p } , i = 1 , … , n \{dx^i|_p\}, i=1,\dots,n {dxi∣p​},i=1,…,n is linear independent, I prefer to show $T_p^{\ast }M$ is the dual space of the tangent space $T_{p}M$:

which is equivalent to show $T_p^{\ast }M=(T_{p}M{)}^{\ast }$, i.e. $\forall [f{]}_p\in T_p^{\ast }M$, it can be realized a linear function on $T_{p}M$. Define $df{|}_p:T_{p}M\to {\mathbb{R}}^1,[\gamma {]}_p\mapsto (df{|}_p,[\gamma {]}_p):=\frac{d}{dt}{|}_{t=0}(f\circ \gamma )$.

Then we need to show linearity: $\forall df{|}_p,dg{|}_p\in T_p^{\ast }M,a,b\in {\mathbb{R}}^1$, for $$a\cdot df{|}_p+b\cdot dg{|}_p$$
$a\cdot d(f\circ {\varphi }^{-1}{)}_p+b\cdot d(g\circ {\varphi }^{-1}{)}_p=d((af+bg)\circ {\varphi }^{-1}){|}_p$, follows the linearity of $C^{\infty }(M)$. Thus we can define
$$a\cdot df{|}_p+b\cdot dg{|}_p=d((af+bg)\circ {\varphi }^{-1}){|}_p$$

Thus, $T_p^{\ast }M=(T_{p}M{)}^{\ast }$.

Finally, it’s time to show the linear independent of { d x i ∣ p } \{dx^i|_p\} {dxi∣p​}: suppose $a_{i}d{x}^i{|}_p=\text{0}$, act $[{\gamma }^j]$ both sides,
$$a_i\cdot (d{x}^i{|}_p,[{\gamma }^j])=a_i{\delta }_{ij}=a_j=0.$$
Thus, { d x i ∣ p } , i = 1 , … , n \{dx^i|_p\}, i=1,\dots,n {dxi∣p​},i=1,…,n is linear independent.

Moreover, $(d{x}^i,\frac{\partial }{\partial x^j}{|}_p)=(d{x}^i,[{\gamma }^j])=\frac{d}{dt}{|}_{t=0}(x^i\circ {\gamma }^j)={\delta }_{ij}$. This suggests that { d x i ∣ p } \{dx^i|_p\} {dxi∣p​} is the dual basis of $(T_{p}M{)}^{\ast }$.\
 
 
 

4. Show that under a change of local charts, the natural basis of the cotangent space $T_p^{\ast }M$ transforms by
   $$d{x}^i{|}_p=\frac{\partial x^i}{\partial y^j}(y_0)d{y}^j{|}_p.$$

$\text{Proof:}$
Suppose we have two local charts: $(U,\varphi ;x^i),(V,\phi ;y^i)$, thus we have two basis: { d x i ∣ p } , { d y i ∣ p } ⊂ T p ∗ M \{dx^i|_p\}, \{dy^i|_p\}\subset T^*_pM {dxi∣p​},{dyi∣p​}⊂Tp∗​M, $\forall d{x}^i$, we can represent it with { d y i ∣ p } \{dy^i|_p\} {dyi∣p​} : $d{x}^i{|}_p=a_{k}d{y}^k{|}_p$.

By the result of partial derivative on different local charts, we know
$$\frac{\partial }{\partial y^l}{|}_p=\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial y^l}(y_0)\frac{\partial }{\partial x^j}{|}_p$$
act on $d{x}^i{|}_p$, also note that $(d{x}^i,\frac{\partial }{\partial x^j}{|}_p)={\delta }_{ij}$:
$$d{x}^i(\frac{\partial }{\partial y^l}{|}_p)=d{x}^i(\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial y^l}(y_0)\frac{\partial }{\partial x^j}{|}_p)=\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial y^l}{\delta }_{ij}=\frac{\partial x^i}{\partial y^l}=a_{k}d{y}^k(\frac{\partial }{\partial y^l}{|}_p)=a_l$$
thus, we know $$a_k=\frac{\partial x^i}{\partial y^k}$$
therefore,
$$d{x}^i{|}_p=\frac{\partial x^i}{\partial y^k}d{y}^k{|}_p$$