Graph Theory

Concept

Graph is not image or map. Usually, we see graph as abstract network that consists of vertex and edge.

Tree

用图来定义树:任意两点之间都连通,并且没有“环”的图。树是图的特例。

下面的图就是树。

在这里插入图片描述

下面介绍一些关于的基本概念。

  • 节点 (node)
    就是vertex,比如上图中的0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8。

  • 枝 (branch)
    就是edge,如上图中的0->1, 0->3, 0->5, 1->2, 1->4, 3->6, 5->8, 8->7。

  • 根 (root)
    一棵树可以想象成从某一个顶点开始进行分枝,那么这个顶点就是“根”。一棵树的每一个节点都可以作为根。如图中可以将节点0作为根。
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 叶 (leaf)
    在一棵树选定根后,如节点0作为根。由根开始不断分枝,图中所有无法再分枝的节点称为叶。如下图中,根为0,则节点2,4,6,7为叶。
    在这里插入图片描述

  • 层/深度/高度 (level/depth/height)
    在一棵树选定root后,按照每个点离根的距离,可以将树中的点分为多个层级。
    在这里插入图片描述

而一个树的最大层级数称为树的深度(depth)或高度(height),如该树的depth/height为4。一个节点到下方的叶的最大层级数之差称为节点的高度(height),如节点1位于层1,下方的叶子2,4位于层2,所以节点1的高度是1;同理,节点3的高度也是1,节点5的高度是2,节点2本身是叶,其高度是0,根节点0的高度是3。

  • parent/child/sibling
    在一棵树选定root之后,相邻的两点,靠近根的是parent,远一点的是child。

在这里插入图片描述
如上图中,0是1的双亲(parent),2,4是1的孩子(child)。2,4有共同的双亲,因此2,4之间互称为兄弟(sibling)。同样的,3是6的双亲,6是3的孩子;5是8的双亲,8是5的孩子。1,3,5是0的孩子,1,3,5互称为兄弟。

  • ancester/descendant
    在一颗树中选定根(root)后,一个点的双亲、双亲的双亲、……都是此点的祖先(ancestor),根节点是所有子节点的祖先,注意双亲(parent)也属于祖先。因此,祖先是一个集合概念。同理,一个点的孩子、孩子的孩子、……都是此点的后代(descendant),后代也是一个集合概念。

  • 森林 (forest)
    很多棵树的集合称为森林。森林中,树与树不相交。
    在这里插入图片描述

此外,与图一样,树也有“有向/无向”,“同构”,“权重”,“路径”等概念,含义与图类似,不再赘述。

Conclusion:

  1. 树中的所有点都是连通的;
  2. 树中任意2点只有唯一一条路径;
  3. 树是无环的连通图;
  4. 森林是无环的非连通图。

Reference:
https://blog.csdn.net/saltriver/article/details/54428685
https://blog.csdn.net/saltriver/article/details/54428750

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Graph Theory Authors: Adrian Bondy, U.S.R Murty Publisher: Springer; 3rd Corrected Printing edition (Aug 14 2008) ISBN-10: 1846289696 ISBN-13: 978-1846289699 = Product Description = The primary aim of this book is to present a coherent introduction to graph theory, suitable as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematics and computer science. It provides a systematic treatment of the theory of graphs without sacrificing its intuitive and aesthetic appeal. Commonly used proof techniques are described and illustrated. The book also serves as an introduction to research in graph theory. = Table of Contents = Graphs - Subgraphs - Connected Graphs - Trees - Separable and Nonseparable Graphs - Tree-Search Algorithms - Flows in Networks - Complexity of Algorithms - Connectivity - Planar Graphs - The Four-Colour Problem - Stable Sets and Cliques - The Probabilistic Method - Vertex Colourings - Colourings of Maps - Matchings - Edge Colourings - Hamilton Cycles - Coverings and Packings in Directed Graphs - Electrical Networks - Integer Flows and Coverings - Unsolved Problems - References - Glossary - Index = Reviews = For more than three decades, the authors' Graph Theory with Applications (1976) has served as perhaps the classic introduction to graph theory. With happy shock, the reader learns that Bondy and Murty have updated the book, doubling its size. Three decades would count as a long time in the life of any active scientific pursuit, but the original year of publication saw the solution to the four-color conjecture that catalyzed a vast revitalization of graph theory. Graph theory, moreover, now has intimate interactions with computer science, practical and theoretical: three decades ago, computer networks barely existed and the founding papers of complexity theory had just appeared. Connections between graph theory and probability have also undergone a revolution. In short, the passage of time has transformed this subject in these and other ways, and the authors have transformed their book accordingly. They do, by choice, largely omit the theory of graph minors (developed by Paul Seymour and Neil Robertson and followers), which certainly now deserves a monographic treatment of its own. Summing up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduate through professional collections. CHOICE This book is a follow-on to the authors' 1976 text, Graphs with Applications. What began as a revision has evolved into a modern, first-class, graduate-level textbook reflecting changes in the discipline over the past thirty years... This text hits the mark by appearing in Springer’s Graduate Texts in Mathematics series, as it is a very rigorous treatment, compactly presented, with an assumption of a very complete undergraduate preparation in all of the standard topics. While the book could ably serve as a reference for many of the most important topics in graph theory, it fulfills the promise of being an effective textbook. The plentiful exercises in each subsection are divided into two groups, with the second group deemed "more challenging". Any exercises necessary for a complete understanding of the text have also been marked as such. There is plenty here to keep a graduate student busy, and any student would learn much in tackling a selection of the exercises... Not only is the content of this book exceptional, so too is its production. The high quality of its manufacture, the crisp and detailed illustrations, and the uncluttered design complement the attention to the typography and layout. Even in simple black and white with line art, it is a beautiful book. SIAM Book Reviews "A text which is designed to be usable both for a basic graph theory course … but also to be usable as an introduction to research in graph theory, by including more advanced topics in each chapter. There are a large number of exercises in the book … . The text contains drawings of many standard interesting graphs, which are listed at the end." (David B. Penman, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1134 (12), 2008) MathSciNet Reviews "The present volume is intended to serve as a text for "advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematics and computer science" (p. viii). It is well suited for this purpose. The writing is fully accessible to the stated groups of students, and indeed is not merely readable but is engaging… Even a complete listing of the chapters does not fully convey the breadth of this book… For researchers in graph theory, this book offers features which parallel the first Bondy and Murty book: it provides well-chosen terminology and notation, a multitude of especially interesting graphs, and a substantial unsolved problems section…One-hundred unsolved problems are listed in Appendix A, a treasure trove of problems worthy of study… (In short) this rewrite of a classic in graph theory stands a good chance of becoming a classic itself." "The present volume is intended to serve as a text for ‘advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematics and computer science’ … . The writing is fully accessible to the stated groups of students, and indeed is not merely readable but is engaging. The book has many exercise sets, each containing problems … ." (Arthur M. Hobbs, Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2009 C) "A couple of fantastic features: Proof techniques: I love these nutshelled essences highlighted in bordered frames. They look like pictures on the wall and grab the view of the reader. Exercises: Their style, depth and logic remind me of Lovász’ classical exercise book. Also the fact that the name of the author is bracketed after the exercise…Figures: Extremely precise and high-tech…The book contains very recent results and ideas. It is clearly an up-to-date collection of fundamental results of graph theory…All-in-all, it is a marvelous book." (János Barát, Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum, Vol. 75, 2009)

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