python 类的继承

概述

继承是指这样一种能力：
通过继承创建的新类可以使用现有类的所有功能，并在无需重新编写原来的类的情况下对这些功能进行扩展。

继承就是一个从一般到特殊的过程，是面向对象编程（OOP）语言的主要特征。一个子类可以有一个或者多个父类。要实现多继承，可以通过多级继承来实现。

OOP开发范式大致为：划分对象—>抽象类—>将类组织成为层次化结构（继承和合成）—>用类和实例进行设计和实现的几个阶段

继承的定义

class Person(object):                     # 定义一个父类
	def talk(self):		                  #父类中的方法
		print("Person is talking...")
	        
class Chinese(Person):                    #定义一个子类，继承Person类
	def walk(self):                       #在子类中定义其自身的方法
		print("is walking...")

c = Chinese()
c.talk()
c.walk()

输出：

person is talking...
is walking...

构造函数的继承

如果我们要给实例c传参，我们就要使用到构造函数， 那么构造函数该如何继承，同时在子类中又如何定义自己的属性？

继承类的构造方法：

1. 经典类的写法：父类名称.__init__(self, 参数1， 参数2， ...)
2. 新式类的写法：super(子类，self).__init__(参数1，参数2, ...)

class Person(object):
	def __init__(self, name, age):
		self.name = name
		self.age = age
		self.weight = 'weight'

	def talk(self):
		print("person is talking...")

class Chinese(Person):
	def __init__(self, name, age, language):          #先继承，再重构
		Person.__init__(self, name, age)              
		#继承父类的构造方法，也可以写成：super(Chinese, self).__init__(name, age)             
		self.language = language
	
	def walk(self):
		print("is walking...")

c = Chinese('bigberg', 22, 'Chinese')

如果我们只是简单的在子类Chinese中定义一个构造函数， 其实就是在重构。这样子类就不能继承父类的属性了。所以我们在定义子类的构造函数时，要先继承再构造，这样我们也可以获得父类的属性了

子类构造函数继承父类的构造函数过程如下：
实例化对象c —> c调用子类__init__() —> 子类__init__()继承父类__init__() —> 调用父类__init__()

子类对父类方法的重写

如果我们对父类的方法需要修改，可以在子类中重构该方法。如下的talk()方法

class Person(object):
 
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = 'weight'
 
    def talk(self):
        print("person is talking....")
 
class Chinese(Person):
 
    def __init__(self, name, age, language): 
        Person.__init__(self, name, age) 
        self.language = language
        print(self.name, self.age, self.weight, self.language)
 
    def talk(self):      # 子类 重构方法
        print('%s is speaking chinese' % self.name)
 
    def walk(self):
        print('is walking...')
 
c = Chinese('bigberg', 22, 'Chinese')
c.talk()

输出：

bigberg 22 weight Chinese
bigberg is speaking chinese

类继承实例

class SchoolMember(object): 
    member = 0
    def __init__(self, name, age, sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex
        self.enroll()

    def enroll(self):
        print("-------%s------" % self.name)
        for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
            print(v, k )
        print("-------end------")
    
    def __del__(self):
        print("开除了[%s]" % self.name)
        SchoolMember.member -= 1

class Teacher(SchoolMember):
    def __init__(self, name, age, sex, salary, course):
        SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age, sex)
        self.salary = salary
        self.course = course

    def teaching(self):
        pirnt("Teacher [%s] is teaching [%s]" % (self.name, self.course))

class Student(SchoolMember):
    def __init__(self, name, age, sex, course, tuition):
        SchoolMembe.__init__(self, name, age, sex)
        self.course = course
        self.tuition = tuition
        self.amount = 0

    def pay_tuition(self, amount):
        print("student [%s] has just paid [%s]" % (self.name, amount))
        self.amount += amount

t1 = Teacher('Wusir', 28, 'M', 3000, 'python')
t1.tell()
s1 = Student('haitao', 38, 'M', 'python', 30000)
s1.tell()
s2 = Student('lichuang', 12, 'M', 'python', 11000)
print(SchoolMember.member)
del s2
print(SchoolMember.member)

输出：

just enrolled a new school member [Wusir].
----Wusir----
course python
salary 3000
age 28
name Wusir
sex M
----end-----
just enrolled a new school member [haitao].
----haitao----
course python
tuition 30000
age 38
name haitao
sex M
amount 0
----end-----
just enrolled a new school member [lichuang].
3
开除了[lichuang]
2

Reference:
https://www.cnblogs.com/bigberg/p/7182741.html