Light Scattering from Human Hair Fibers

http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/papers/hair/hair-sg03final.pdf
Abstract
light scattering from hair is normally simulated in computer graphis using Kajiya and Kay’s classic phenomenological model. we have made new measurements of scattering from individual hair fabiers that exhibit visually significant effects not predicted by Kajiya and Kay’s model. our measurements go beyond previous hair measurements by examining out-of-plane scattering, and together with this previous work they show a multiple specular highlight and variation in scattering with rotation about the fiber axis. we explain the sources of these effects using a model of a hair fiber as a transparent elliptical cylinder with an absorbing interior and a surface covered with titled scales. Based on an analytical scattering functionfor a circular cylinder, we propose a practical shading model for hair that qualitatively matches the scattering behavior shown in the measurements. In a comparison between a photograph and rendered images, we demonstrate the new model’s ability to match the appearance of real hair.

1 Introduction
Realistically rendering hair is essential to portraying people and animals, but achieving realism means confronting many challenges
inherent in the structure and behavior of hair. The geometry of thousands to millions of strands must be determined; the scattering
of light from the fibers must be simulated; and the resulting thin curves in the image must be sampled without introducing aliasing.
Most of the research effort on hair has gone toward modeling and animating the geometry of a collection of fibers [Sourin et al. 1996; Chen et al. 1999; Hadap and Magnenat-Thalmann 2000; Kim and Neumann 2000; Kim and Neumann 2002; Chang et al. 2002; Magnenat-Thalmann et al. 2002], efficient antialiasing and curve-drawing algorithms for scanline rendering [Watanabe and Suenaga 1992; Kong and Nakajima 2000], and approximating shadows within the hair [Lokovic and Veach 2000; Kim and Neumann 2001]. However, considerably less attention has been put toward the scattering model that determines the appearance of a particular assembly of fibers. Sometimes models for reflection from grooved surfaces [Kajiya 1985; Poulin and Fournier 1990] are used to compute scattering from combed梳理 fibers, but most hair renderings have used the classic phenomenological model of Kajiya and Kay[1989].

Kajiya and Kay’s model was designed to capture the most obvious feature of scattering from a fiber——namely the apperance of a linear highlight in the image running perpendicular to the fiber directions. it is based on the observation that the reflection of a parallel beam from the surface of a cylinder beam 梁 fromt the surface of a cylinder will be in a cone centered on the hair axis. the model places a constant-intensity highlight centered on that cone. all other scattering is accounted for by a diffuse term that produces radiance proportional to the cosine of the incident angle. although it has served well for many years, this model falls short in several respects. for one thing, it is not energy conserving, which is important for physcially based rendering.

but even when physical correctness is not needed, the Kajiya-Kay model fails to predict some observed visual effects. since it models fibers as opaque cylinders, it does not account for transmission or internal reflection. hair is a dielectric material, and blond, brown, red or other light colored hair is very translucent. gold man has simulated translucency by adding a directional parameter that controls the relative amount of forward transimission and backward reflection [Goldman 1997]. Kim has extended this model by proposing a two-term phase function [Kim 2002]. the first term models surface reflection as a ardioid, based on a ray density argument; our R component is similar but accounts for the Fresnel factor and handles oblique incidence. the second term models transmission as a forward scattering consine lobe, supported by Monte Carlo computations of normal-incidence scattering from a transparent cicular cylinder. we extend Kim’s model by accouting for the Fresnel factor and volume absorption in an analytical model that also includes reflection, modeling the separation of highlights from different reflection modes, and approximating the effects of eccentricity.

two research groups working in the cosmetics 化妆品 industry have measured the scattering properties of hair fibers in order to understand what makes hair look pleasing and healthy. Stamm et al. [1977] measured relative scattering from a rack of individual fibers as a function of illumination and viewing angles for directions coplanar 共面的 with the fiber axis (that is, in the incidence plane 入射平面). they discovered two deviations from the expected behavior. first, the primary specular peak occurs at an angle several degrees away from the specular direction. they speculated 推测 that the angular shift 角位移 is caused by the tilt of 倾斜 scales 鳞片 forming the cuticle 角质层 of the hair fiber.
second, there is a secondary lobe that occurs on the other side of the specular direction. Bustard and Smith [1991] have observed that the first peak preserves polarization 极化, whereas the second peak is depolarized 去偏极. both groups also observed that the secondary high-light is not present in black hair. Bustard and Smith also report a preliminary 初步的 observation of zaimuthal 方位角 scattering in the plane normal to the fiber in which they observed strong peaks, 峰值, which they conjectured 推测 are internal reflection caustics. 内部反射焦散. these experiments support the hypothesis 假设 that the secondary peak is due to internal reflection off the back side of the fiber.

we have made an experimental and theoretical study of the scattering of light from individual fibers of human hair, and developed a simple practical model for use in computer graphics. specifically,

1. in addition to the incidence-plane measurements of Stamm et al. and Bustard and Smith, we measure scattering in the plane normal to the fiber. we also report for the first time full 3D hemispherical scattering measurements. several new appearance phenomena are visible in the 3D data. first, the primary specular highlight continues all the way around the hair, while the secondary highlight is confined 限制于 to the side of the hair toward the source. second, a pair of large out-of-plane peaks, or glints 闪烁, are presnet, and as the incidence angle increases the peaks move closer to the incidence plane, eventually merging and disappearing.

2. the scattering distribution, especially the secondary highlight, depends on the angle of rotation of the hair fiber about its axis. this is to be expected because hair fibers are not generally circular in cross section [Robbins 1994].

3. to explain our observations, we propose a simple model based on the structure and composition of hair fibers (figure 1).
   
   figure1: a schematic of our model for a hair fiber. the dashed lines indicate the scattering angles for a cylinder without titled surface scales.

we approximate the hair as a transparent cicular cylinder with a colored interior and a surface composed of rough, titled scales. 鳞片 using geometric optics, we derive predictions for the far-field scattered light distribution from such as cylinder. our theory predicts that three transport modes are significant: surface reflection, transmission, and internal reflection.

4. based on the theory, we propose a shading model for human hair. we illustrate its use by producing several example renderings of brown hair. the shading model is simple and easily incorporated into standard rendering algorithms. finally, we validate the model against experimental data and show there is good qualitative agreement.
   
   figure 2: an electron mirograph of a hair fiber that shows the structure of the outer cuticle 表层，角质层 surface, which is composed of thin overlapping scales [Robbins 1994]. in this image the fiber is oriented with the root at the top and the tip 尖端 at the bottom.

2 fibers
we begin by presenting some background information on human hair fibers. we also introduce the notation 符号 we use in this paper, and define the light scattering function for fibers.

2.1 hair fibers and fiber scattering
a fiber of human scalp 头皮 hair is composed of two main parts: the cutile 表皮 and the cortex 皮质. the cuticle is thin protective outside sheath 鞘；护套；叶鞘 that surrounds the inner cortex. the cuticle is of particular importance for light scattering, since it forms the interface between the fiber and the air. it is composed of flat cells that overlap like roof shingles 墙面板；木瓦 (figure 2) and make the fiber appear as a nested set of cones. 视锥细胞 because of their overlapped arrangement, the surfaces of the scales deviate slightly but systematically from the overall normal of the fiber’s surface, tilting 翘起 their surfaces toward the root end of the fiber by approximately 3度 [Bustard and Smith 1991; Robbins 1994].

the cortex forms the bulk 大块 of the fiber. at the center is a pigmented 有颜色的 core, the medulla.髓质 the pigments in the cortex and medulla determine the hair color. in this paper, we approximate the optical properties of the interior of the fiber with two quantities: an index of refraction η of approximately 1.55 [Stamm et al. 1977] and an absorption cross setion σa, which is assumed to be uniform throughout the fiber.

as we will see, the morphology 形态学of the hair fiber provides an explanation for the main features of the scattering function. the fiber is modeled as a dielectric cylinder covered with tilted 倾斜的，翘起的 scales and with a pigmented interior 内部颜色 (Figure 1). reflection of a directional beam from a cylinder produces several distinct components of reflected light, all directed into a cone of outgoing directions. reflection from the surface produces a component that is spread fairly uniformly around the cone. transmission through the hair produces a very bright component that is focused toward directions on the oposite side of the hair. light that reflects off the inside of the hair surface produces a back-scattering component. this component is more complicated and, depending on the shape of the cylinder and angle of incidence, may spread the energy over the whole cone or focus it into one or more caustis. 焦散线 using T and R to stand for tansmission and reflection across a cylinder interface, we denote these three modes of reflection as R, TT, and TRT.

as illustrated in figure 1, the tilt of the cuticle scales 倾斜的鳞片 shifts the cones of the R and TRT components slightly off the idea specular cone. more importantly, they shift in opposite directions, causing them to separete into two visually distinguishable highlights. the R highlight, since it is surface reflection, is white, whereas the TRT highlihgt, which is formed by light that passes through the interior of the fiber, is colord.

2.2 scattering
before getting into more detail, let us establish the notation we will use throughout the paper to describe the scattering geometry (figure 3). the tangent to the hair is u, pointing in the direction from the root toward the tip; the vectors v and w complete a right-handed orthonormal basis,