lua和c++的交互通过栈解释

栈的操作：https://www.cnblogs.com/lsgxeva/p/11158228.html

lua的api参考：https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html

print(package.path)
package.path = package.path .. ";E:\\OGL5\\c++calllua\\luascript\\?.lua;"
print("hello")
print(package.path)

require 'person'

c = add(1,4)
print(c)
myName = "beauty girl"
helloTable = {name="xiaoming", age=12}

C++访问lua的table

	int main (int argc, char **argv) {
	/* 初始化Lua */

	lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
	/* 载入Lua基本库 */
	luaL_openlibs(L);
	/* 运行脚本 */
	luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");				//加载脚本
    lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable"); 			//获取全局变量的background的值,并将其放入栈顶
    lua_pushstring(L, "name");					//name变量入栈，成栈顶
    lua_gettable(L, -2); 						//取出helloTable中name的值，替换掉栈顶name
    const char* sName = lua_tostring(L, -1); 	//取出栈顶的值
    lua_pop(L, 1);								//pop掉栈顶的值
    lua_pushstring(L, "age");					//age变量入栈，成栈顶
    lua_gettable(L, -2);						//取出age的值，替换栈顶的age变量
    int age = lua_tointeger(L, -1);				//取出栈顶的值


	/* 清除Lua */
	lua_close(L);
	system("pause");
}

lua_getfield函数——得到表里的某个key的值，此值放在了栈顶上。
int lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);
Pushes onto the stack the value t[k], where t is the value at the given index. As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the “index” event (see §2.4).
Returns the type of the pushed value.
居然会触发index元方法。

举例：

	lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
	/* 载入Lua基本库 */
	luaL_openlibs(L);
	/* 运行脚本 */
	luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");
    lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable");
    lua_getfield(L, -1, "age");             //helloTable此时在栈顶，所以-1，取出age的值，放入栈顶
    int nParam_a = lua_tointeger(L, -1);    //取出栈顶元素值
    lua_getfield(L, -2, "name");            //helloTable此时在-2位置，因为age的值压入栈了，然后name被取出，入栈，此时栈里有3个元素
    char* nParam_b = lua_tostring(L, -1);   //取出栈顶元素值

    int count= lua_gettop(L);               //栈里有3个元素

lua_setfield函数——对table的某个字段赋值
void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);
Does the equivalent to t[k] = v, where t is the value at the given index and v is the value at the top of the stack.
This function pops the value from the stack. As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the “newindex” event.

举例：

lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
	/* 载入Lua基本库 */
	luaL_openlibs(L);
	/* 运行脚本 */
	luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");        //加载lua文件
    lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable");     //表入栈，在栈顶
    lua_pushstring(L, "nihao");         //nihao值入栈，为栈顶
    lua_setfield(L, -2, "name");        //-2是表在栈中的位置，lua_setfield将栈顶nihao的值赋给helloTable的name属性，并且将nihao栈顶pop掉，此时栈顶为表helloTable
    lua_getfield(L, -1, "name");        //-1位helloTable所在的位置，name为属性
    char* name = lua_tostring(L, -1);   //取出栈顶的元素

    int count= lua_gettop(L);              

C++调用lua的函数：

lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
	/* 载入Lua基本库 */
	luaL_openlibs(L);
	/* 运行脚本 */
	luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");        //加载lua文件
    
    lua_getglobal(L, "add");
    
    if (!lua_isfunction(L, -1))
    {
        int a = 1;
    }

    lua_pushinteger(L, 1); //参数1
    lua_pushinteger(L, 2); //参数2
    lua_pcall(L, 2, 1, 0); // 2表示有两个参数；1表示有1个返回值；0位错误的函数回调，暂未使用；调用之后，返回值在栈顶
    int result = lua_tointeger(L, -1); 

lua_rawlen函数——计算字符串、table的长度
size_t lua_rawlen (lua_State *L, int index);
Returns the raw “length” of the value at the given index: for strings, this is the string length; for tables, this is the result of the length operator (‘#’) with no metamethods; for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated for the userdata; for other values, it is 0.

	lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
	/* 载入Lua基本库 */
	luaL_openlibs(L);
	/* 运行脚本 */
	luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");        //加载lua文件

    lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable2");
    int count = lua_rawlen(L, -1); //这里返回的helloTable2的长度为3，而如果是helloTable，则返回的是长度为0

lua_getglobal函数——获取指定名称的变量，并将其值放在栈顶
int lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);
Pushes onto the stack the value of the global name. Returns the type of that value.
把name的值放在栈顶，函数返回的类型为，name值的类型。

lua_gettop函数——获取栈里的元素的个数
int lua_gettop (lua_State *L);
Returns the index of the top element in the stack. Because indices start at 1, this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack; in particular, 0 means an empty stack.
返回栈顶元素的索引，0表示栈为空；索引是从1开始，同时此数字表示栈里的元素的个数；
举例：

int main (int argc, char **argv) {
  int status, result;
  lua_State *L = luaL_newstate();  /* create state */

  luaL_openlibs(L);
  luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");		            //执行lua脚本		
  int count = lua_gettop(L);                    //此时count=0，栈里无元素
  int type1 = lua_getglobal(L, "flag"); 	    //将flag放在栈顶
  count = lua_gettop(L);                        //此时count=1，有1个元素
  int type2 = lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable");   //将helloTable放在栈顶
  count = lua_gettop(L);                        //此时count=2，有2个元素
}

lua_pushstring函数——把一个字符串放在栈顶
const char *lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);
Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by s onto the stack. Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, so the memory at s can be freed or reused immediately after the function returns.

Returns a pointer to the internal copy of the string.

If s is NULL, pushes nil and returns NULL.
把字符串s，放入栈中，返回的是const char*指针。
举例：

int main (int argc, char **argv) {
  int status, result;
  lua_State *L = luaL_newstate();  /* create state */

  luaL_openlibs(L);
  luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");		            //执行lua脚本		
  int count = lua_gettop(L);                    //此时count=0，栈里无元素
  int type1 = lua_getglobal(L, "flag"); 	    //将flag放在栈顶
  count = lua_gettop(L);                        //此时count=1，有1个元素
  int type2 = lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable");   //将helloTable放在栈顶
  count = lua_gettop(L);                        //此时count=2，有2个元素

  const char* str = lua_pushstring(L, "name");	//name变量入栈，成栈顶
  count = lua_gettop(L);                        //此时count=3，有3个元素

lua_rawgeti函数——将table中指定index的值，放在栈顶
int lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, lua_Integer n);
Pushes onto the stack the value t[n], where t is the table at the given index. The access is raw, that is, it does not invoke the __index metamethod.
Returns the type of the pushed value.

int main (int argc, char **argv) {
  int status, result;
  lua_State *L = luaL_newstate();  /* create state */

  luaL_openlibs(L);
  luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");		            //执行lua脚本		
  int type2 = lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable");   //将helloTable放在栈顶
  int result1 = lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 1);			//helloTable在栈顶，第二个参数为-1，xxx是在table的第1个元素，所以是1
  const char* str3 = lua_tostring(L, -1);		//读取栈顶的字符串，并不pop操作
}

lua栈的索引：

lua的栈索引是可以是负数，栈顶是 -1，向着栈底，依次递减，-2，-3，……
lua的栈索引也可以是正数，栈顶为 n，向着栈底，依次递减，n-1，n-2，……，栈底为1
测试：

int main (int argc, char **argv) {
  int status, result;
  lua_State *L = luaL_newstate();  /* create state */

  luaL_openlibs(L);
  luaL_dofile(L, "hello.lua");		            //执行lua脚本		
  int type2 = lua_getglobal(L, "helloTable");   //将helloTable放在栈顶，此时栈里有1个元素
  int result1 = lua_rawgeti(L, -1, 1);			//helloTable在栈顶，所以第2个参数为-1，第3个参数为1，表示取出第1个元素，放在栈顶
  const char* str3 = lua_tostring(L, -1);   	//取出栈顶的元素，不做pop操作
  lua_pushinteger(L, 123);						//压入一个123数字，此时栈里有3个元素
  int a = lua_tonumber(L, 3);  					//栈里有3个元素了，所以123，所在的索引是3
  int a2 = lua_tonumber(L, -1); 				//栈里有3个元素，但是可以用-1，索引到栈顶元素