陶哲轩实分析（上）9.5及习题-Analysis I 9.5

左极限和右极限，相对简单的一节。

Exercise 9.5.1

Define ${\lim }_{x\to x_0;x\in E}f(x)=+\infty$ iff $\forall M>0,\exists \delta >0$, s.t. $x\in E,|x-x_0|<\delta$ would lead to $f(x)>M$. ${\lim }_{x\to x_0;x\in E}f(x)=-\infty$ iff $\forall M>0,\exists \delta >0$, s.t. $x\in E,|x-x_0|<\delta$ would lead to $f(x)<-M$.
For $f(x)=1/x$, we consider $f(0+)$ and $f(0-)$:
For $\forall M>0,\exists \delta =1/(M+1)>0$, s.t. $x\in E\cap (0,+\infty ),|x-0|<\delta$, we have
$$f(x)=1/x>1/\delta =M+1>M$$
Thus $f(0+)=+\infty$.
For $f(0-)$, let $\forall M>0,\exists \delta =-1/(M+1)<0$, s.t. $x\in E\cap (-\infty ,0),|x-0|<\delta$, we have
$$f(x)=1/x<1/\delta =-M-1<-M$$
Thus $f(0-)=-\infty$.

An analogue of Proposition 9.3.9: the following two are equivalent:
(a) ${\lim }_{x\to x_0;x\in E)}f(x)=+\infty$(or $-\infty$)
(b) $\forall (a_n{)}_{n=0}^{\infty }\in E,{\lim }_{n\to \infty }{a}_n=x_0$, we have ${\lim }_{n\to \infty }f(a_n)=+\infty$(or $-\infty$)
Proof :
(a) implies (b):
$\forall M>0$, since (a) is true, $\exists \delta >0$, s.t. $x\in E,|x-x_0|<\delta$ would lead to $f(x)>M$. We have ${\lim }_{n\to \infty }{a}_n=x_0$, so $\exists N\in \mathbf{N}$, s.t.
$$|a_n-x_0|<\delta ,\forall n>N$$
Then we have $f(a_n)>M,\forall n>N$, this means ${\lim }_{n\to \infty }f(a_n)=+\infty$.
(b) implies (a):
Let (b) be true, assume ${\lim }_{x\to x_0;x\in E)}f(x)\ne +\infty$, then we can find a $M_0$, s.t. for any $\delta >0$, the set { x ∈ ( x 0 − δ , x 0 + δ ) ∶ f ( x ) ≤ M 0 } \{x∈(x_0-δ,x_0+δ) ∶f(x)≤M_0\} {x∈(x0​−δ,x0​+δ)∶f(x)≤M0​} is non-empty. We use axiom of choice to select
a n ∈ { x ∈ ( x 0 − 1 / n , x 0 + 1 / n ) ∶ f ( x ) ≤ M 0 } a_n∈\{x∈(x_0-1/n,x_0+1/n) ∶f(x)≤M_0\} an​∈{x∈(x0​−1/n,x0​+1/n)∶f(x)≤M0​}
Then ${\lim }_{n\to \infty }{a}_n=x_0$, but ${\lim }_{n\to \infty }f(a_n)\le M_0<+\infty$, this contradicts (b).
The case of $-\infty$ can be similarly proved.