陶哲轩实分析（上）10.3及习题-Analysis I 10.3

单调函数和导数的关系，容易理解。

Exercise 10.3.1

Since $f$ is differentiable at $x_0$, we have
f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim ⁡ x → x 0 ; x ∈ X − { x 0 } ⁡ f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 f' (x_0 )=\lim_{x→x_0;x∈X-\{x_0 \}}⁡\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0} f′(x0​)=x→x0​;x∈X−{x0​}lim​⁡x−x0​f(x)−f(x0​)​
If $f$ is monotone increasing, then we have
$$f(x)\le f(x_0),x<x_0,f(x)\ge f(x_0),x>x_0$$
Thus in both $x<x_0$ and $x>x_0$ we shall have
f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 ≥ 0 ⇒ f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim ⁡ x → x 0 ; x ∈ X − { x 0 } ⁡ f ( x ) − f ( x 0 ) x − x 0 ≥ 0 \frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}≥0 ⇒ f' (x_0 )=\lim_{x→x_0;x∈X-\{x_0 \} }⁡\frac{f(x)-f(x_0)}{x-x_0}≥0 x−x0​f(x)−f(x0​)​≥0⇒f′(x0​)=x→x0​;x∈X−{x0​}lim​⁡x−x0​f(x)−f(x0​)​≥0
The case when $f$ is monotone decreasing can be similarly proved.

Exercise 10.3.2

Define
$$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}x,& x\in (-1,0]\\ 2x,& x\in (0,1)\end{array}$$
This doesn’t contradict Proposition 10.3.1 since Proposition 10.3.1 requires $f$ to be differentiable at the point (0 in this case).

Exercise 10.3.3

Define
$$f(x)=x^3,x\in (-1,1)$$
Then $f$ is differentiable at 0, $f^{\prime }(0)=0$, but $f$ is monotone increasing.
This doesn’t contradict Proposition 10.3.1 since $f^{\prime }>0$ is a sufficient but not necessary condition for $f$ to be strictly monotone increasing.

Exercise 10.3.4

For any $x\ne y\in [a,b]$, without loss of generality we can suppose $x<y$, then $f{|}_{[x,y]}$ is continuous and differentiable on $[x,y]$, thus by mean value theorem, we can find a $c\in (x,y)\subset (a,b)$ such that
$$f^{\prime }(c)=\frac{f(y)-f(x)}{y-x}=\frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y}$$
If $f^{\prime }(x)>0,\forall x\in [a,b]$, then $f^{\prime }(c)>0$ and $f(x)<f(y)$, so $f$ is strictly monotone increasing.
If $f^{\prime }(x)<0,\forall x\in [a,b]$, then $f^{\prime }(c)<0$ and $f(x)>f(y)$, so $f$ is strictly monotone decreasing.
If $f^{\prime }(x)=0,\forall x\in [a,b]$, then $f^{\prime }(c)=0$ and $f(x)=f(y)$, so $f$ is a constant function.

Exercise 10.3.5

Define
$$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}x+1,& x\in (-1,0)\\ x-1,& x\in (0,1)\end{array}$$
Then if $X=(-1,0)\cup (0,1)$, then $f$ is differentiable on $X$ and $f^{\prime }(x)=1>0,\forall x\in X$, but we have $f(1/2)=-1/2<f(-1/2)=1/2$, thus $f$ in not strictly monotone increasing.
The key condition which is different from Proposition 10.3.3 is that $X$ is allowed to be a disconnected set.