【电机学】【公式速查】交流电机理论的共同问题

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交流电机极数与同步转速的关系

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$$\begin{gathered} f=\frac{p{n}_s}{60},电角度{\theta }_e=p{\theta }_m机械角度,n_S同步转速 \\ p极对数、m相数、Q总槽数、D外径 \\ 每极每相槽数q=\frac{Q}{2pm}、极距\tau =\frac{Q}{2p}=\frac{\pi D}{2p} \\ 节距y为线圈两边所跨槽数、槽间电角度\alpha =\frac{360p}{Q} \end{gathered}$$

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一条导体电动势有效值：$$E_1=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\pi f(\frac{2}{\pi }{B}_{1}lv)=2.22f{\Phi }_1$$n匝线圈电动势有效值：$$\begin{gathered} 1.y_1=\tau ，{\dot{E}}_{c1}=2E_1 \\ 2.y_1\ne \tau ，节距因数/短距系数k_{p1}=\sin (90°\frac{y_1}{\tau }) \\ {E}_{c1}=4.44f{n}_c{k}_{p1}{\Phi }_m \end{gathered}$$线圈组电动势有效值：$$\begin{gathered} 分布因数k_{d1}=\frac{\sin (\frac{q\alpha }{2})}{q\sin (\frac{\alpha }{2})} \\ {E}_{q1}=q{E}_{c1}{k}_{d1} \end{gathered}$$一极一相电动势：$$\begin{gathered} E_{q1}=4.44(q{n}_c)f{k}_{p1}{\Phi }_m{k}_{d1}，令绕组因数k_{w1}=k_{p1}{k}_{d1} \\ N:每相串联总匝数 \end{gathered}$$一相电动势：$$\begin{gathered} E_{\varphi 1}=4.44fN{k}_{w1}{\Phi }_m，其中N=\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{pq{n}_c}{a_{=}},& 单层\\ \frac{2pq{n}_c}{a_{=}},& 双层\end{array} \\ {a}_{=}并联支路数 \end{gathered}$$

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谐波电动势：$$\begin{gathered} 对v次谐波，极数p_v=v{p}_1，槽间电角度{\alpha }_v=\frac{360p_v}{Q}=v\alpha \\ {\tau }_v=\frac{1}{v}{\tau }_1，f_v=v{f}_1，n_v=n_1=n_s \\ {k}_{pv}=\sin (v\frac{y_1}{{\tau }_1}90°)，k_{dv}=\frac{\sin (\frac{vq\alpha }{2})}{q\sin (\frac{v\alpha }{2})}，k_{wv}=k_{pv}{k}_{dv} \\ {\Phi }_{mv}=\frac{1}{v}{\Phi }_m，齿谐波v_c=2mq\pm 1，k_{w{v}_c}=\pm k_{w1} \end{gathered}$$相电动势和线电动势有效值：$$\begin{gathered} E_{\Phi }=\sqrt{E_{\Phi 1}^2+\cdots +E_{\Phi v}^2}，E_{LY}=\sqrt{3}{E}_{\Phi } \\ Y\Delta 连接的交流电机无三次谐波 \end{gathered}$$消除短距绕组的v次谐波：$$k_{pv}=0，y_1=(1-\frac{1}{v}){\tau }_1$$对分布绕组，q在2-6之间最好，若要消齿谐波，使用斜槽，斜槽的上下偏移一个齿距

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一个极下磁动势：$$\begin{gathered} fc=\frac{N_c{i}_c}{2}，[-\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}] \\ fc=-\frac{N_c{i}_c}{2}，[\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{3\pi }{2}] \end{gathered}$$整距线圈磁动势：$$f_{c1}=\frac{4}{\pi }\frac{N_c{i}_c}{2}\cos {\theta }_s，f_{cv}=\frac{1}{v}{f}_{c1}$$短距线圈磁动势：$$\begin{gathered} f_{c1}=\frac{4}{\pi }\frac{N_c{i}_c}{2}{k}_{p1}\cos {\theta }_s \\ {f}_{cv}=\frac{1}{v}\frac{4}{\pi }\frac{N_c{i}_c}{2}{k}_{pv}\cos {\theta }_s \end{gathered}$$整距分布绕组磁动势：$$f_{q1}=(q{f}_{c1})k_{d1}=\frac{4}{\pi }\frac{q{N}_c{i}_c}{2}\cos {\theta }_s$$双层绕组每相串联总匝数N$$\begin{gathered} N=\frac{2N_{c}pq}{a}，a{i}_C=i_{\Phi } \\ so，f_{q1}=\frac{4}{\pi }\frac{N{k}_{d1}}{2p}{i}_{\Phi }\cos {\theta }_s \end{gathered}$$短距分布绕组磁动势：$$f_{q1}=\frac{4}{\pi }\frac{N{k}_{w1}}{2p}{i}_{\Phi }\cos {\theta }_s$$单相绕组的基波磁动势：$$\begin{gathered} f_{\Phi 1}=f_{q1}=\sqrt{2}\frac{4}{\pi }\frac{N{k}_{w1}}{2p}{I}_{\Phi }\cos {\theta }_s\cos wt \\ =F_{\Phi 1}\cos {\theta }_s\cos wt \end{gathered}$$单相绕组基波磁动势幅值：$$F_{\Phi 1}=0.9\frac{N{k}_{w1}}{p}{I}_{\Phi }$$单相绕组谐波磁动势：$$\begin{gathered} f_{\Phi v}=F_{\Phi v}\cos v{\theta }_s\cos wt \\ {F}_{\Phi v}=\frac{1}{v}0.9\frac{N{k}_{w1}}{p}{I}_{\Phi } \end{gathered}$$三相绕组基波合成磁动势：$$\begin{gathered} f_{A1}=F_{\Phi 1}\cos {\theta }_s\cos wt \\ =\frac{1}{2}{F}_{\Phi 1}\cos (\frac{\pi }{\tau }x+wt)+\frac{1}{2}{F}_{\Phi 1}\cos (\frac{\pi }{\tau }x-wt) \\ {f}_{B1}=F_{\Phi 1}\cos ({\theta }_s-\frac{2}{3}\pi )\cos (wt-\frac{2}{3}\pi ) \\ =\frac{1}{2}{F}_{\Phi 1}\cos (\frac{\pi }{\tau }x+wt-\frac{4}{3}\pi )+\frac{1}{2}{F}_{\Phi 1}\cos (\frac{\pi }{\tau }x-wt) \\ {f}_{C1}=F_{\Phi 1}\cos ({\theta }_s-\frac{4}{3}\pi )\cos (wt-\frac{4}{3}\pi ) \\ =\frac{1}{2}{F}_{\Phi 1}\cos (\frac{\pi }{\tau }x+wt-\frac{8}{3}\pi )+\frac{1}{2}{F}_{\Phi 1}\cos (\frac{\pi }{\tau }x-wt) \\ {f}_1=f_{A1}+f_{B1}+f_{C1}=\frac{3}{2}{F}_{\Phi 1}\cos (\frac{\pi }{\tau }x-wt) \\ {F}_1=1.35\frac{N{k}_{w1}}{p}{I}_{\Phi } \end{gathered}$$对于谐波：$$\begin{gathered} f_v=\frac{3}{2}{F}_{\Phi v}\cos (v\frac{\pi }{\tau }x-wt) \\ 无三次谐波，当v=6k+1，谐波正转 \\ 当v=6k-1，谐波反转 \\ 基波转速=n_s，v次谐波\frac{n_s}{v}，幅值\frac{3}{2}{F}_{\Phi v} \end{gathered}$$
对于气隙电抗$X_m$，在感应电机上为激磁电点抗，在同步电机上为电枢反应电抗$X_a$

交流电机负载时作用在转子上平均电磁转矩不能为0，所以定子转子极数必定相等

三相交流电机电磁转矩通用公式：$$\begin{gathered} T_e=\frac{\pi }{2}{p}^2{F}_1\Phi \sin {\delta }_1，{\delta }_1为转矩角 \\ =\frac{m_1}{{\Omega }_s}{E}_1{I}_1\cos {\psi }_1=\frac{P_e}{{\Omega }_s}，\sin {\delta }_1=\cos {\psi }_1 \end{gathered}$$
转矩角既可以由定、转子磁场的轴线不重合所引起，也可以由凸极、磁滞或其他效应所引起
发电机，定子磁动势滞后于气隙合成磁场；电动机，定子磁动势超前