陶哲轩实分析（上）9.7及习题-Analysis I 9.7

介值定理。很短但很有用。

Exercise 9.7.1

Since $f$ is a continuous function on $[a,b]$, by the maximum principle, there’s $x_1,x_2\in [a,b]$ such that
$$M=f(x_1),m=f(x_2)$$
If $x_1=x_2$, then let $c=x_1$ and the proof is over, assume $x_1<x_2$, then by Exercise 9.4.6, we have $f_{[x_1,x_2]}$ a continuous function on $[x_1,x_2]$, by Theorem 9.7.1, $\exists c\in [x_1,x_2]\subseteq [a,b]$, s.t. $f(c)=y$.

Exercise 9.7.2

We let $F(x)=f(x)-x$, by Proposition 9.4.9 and Exercise 9.4.6, $F(x)$ is continuous on $[0,1]$, since $f$ has range $[0,1]$, we know that $f(0)\ge 0$ and $f(1)\le 1$, thus
$$F(0)=f(0)\ge 0,F(1)=f(1)-1\le 0$$
Since $F(0)\ge 0\ge F(1)$, by the Intermediate value theorem, there exists $c\in [0,1]$ such that $F(c)=0$, or $f(c)=c$, this is the fixed point we search for.