第四章 不定积分（二）

  本文接自上一篇《第四章 不定积分（一）》，继续记录总习题四。

总习题四

4.求下列不定积分（其中$a$、$b$为常数）：

（7）$\int {\tan }^{4}x\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int {\tan }^{4}x\mathrm{d}x& =\int {\tan }^{2}x({\sec }^{2}x-1)\mathrm{d}x\\ & =\int {\tan }^{2}x\mathrm{d}(\tan x)-\int ({\sec }^{2}x-1)\mathrm{d}x\\ & =\frac{1}{3}{\tan }^{3}x-\tan x+x+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要利用三角变换公式进行计算）

（10）$\int \sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}}\mathrm{d}x;$

解一
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{a+x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\mathrm{d}x=a\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)}^2}}\mathrm{d}\left(\frac{x}{a}\right)-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}(a^2-x^2)}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\\ & =a\arcsin \frac{x}{a}-\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+C.\end{array}$$
解二  令$u=\sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}}$，即$x=a\frac{u^2-1}{u^2+1}$，则
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}}\mathrm{d}x& =\int u\cdot \frac{4au}{(1+u^2{)}^2}\mathrm{d}u=\int -2au\mathrm{d}\left(\frac{1}{1+u^2}\right)\\ & =-\frac{2au}{1+u^2}+\int \frac{2a}{1+u^2}\mathrm{d}u\\ & =-\frac{2au}{1+u^2}+2a\arctan u+C\\ & =(x-a)\sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}}+2a\arctan \sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}}+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题可以利用换元积分或进行分式变换求解）

（11）$\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x(x+1)}};$

解一
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x(x+1)}}& =\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{{\left(x+\frac{1}{2}\right)}^2-{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}^2}}\\ & \stackrel{x=-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\sec u}{=}\int \sec u\mathrm{d}u=\ln |\sec u+\tan u|+C\\ & =\ln |2x+1+2\sqrt{x(x+1)}|+C.\end{array}$$
解二  当$x>0$时，因为$\frac{1}{\sqrt{x(x+1)}}=\frac{1}{x}\sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}}$，故令$u=\sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}}$，即$x=\frac{u^2}{1-u^2}$，则
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x(x+1)}}& =\int \frac{2}{1-u^2}\mathrm{d}u=\int \left(\frac{1}{1-u}+\frac{1}{1+u}\right)\mathrm{d}u\\ & =\ln |\frac{1+u}{1-u}|+C=\ln \left|\frac{\sqrt{1+x}+\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{1+x}-\sqrt{x}}\right|+C\\ & =\ln |2x+1+2\sqrt{x(x+1)}|+C.\end{array}$$
  当$x<-1$时，同样可得$\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x(x+1)}}=\ln |2x+1+2\sqrt{x(x+1)}|+C$。（这道题主要用分段或配方进行计算）

（15）$\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^2\sqrt{x^2-1}};$

解  $\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^2\sqrt{x^2-1}}\stackrel{x=\frac{1}{u}}{=}-\int \frac{u\mathrm{d}u}{\sqrt{1-u^2}}=\sqrt{1-u^2}+C=\frac{\sqrt{x^2-1}}{x}+C,$易知当$x<0$和$x>0$时的结果相同。（这道题主要利用换元积分计算）

（16）$\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(a^2-x^2{)}^{\frac{5}{2}}};$

解  设$x=a\sin u\left(-\frac{\pi }{2}<u<\frac{\pi }{2}\right)$，则$\sqrt{a^2-x^2}=a\cos u,\mathrm{d}x=a\cos u\mathrm{d}u$，于是
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(a^2-x^2{)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}& =\frac{1}{a^4}\int {\sec }^{4}u\mathrm{d}u=\frac{1}{a^4}\int ({\tan }^{2}u+1)\mathrm{d}(\tan u)\\ & =\frac{{\tan }^{3}u}{3a^4}+\frac{\tan u}{a^4}+C\\ & =\frac{1}{3a^4}\left[\frac{x^3}{\sqrt{(a^2-x^2{)}^3}}+\frac{3x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\right]+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要利用三角函数进行替换）

（17）$\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^4\sqrt{1+x^2}};$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^4\sqrt{1+x^2}}& \stackrel{x=\frac{1}{u}}{=}\int \frac{-u^3\mathrm{d}u}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}=-\int \left(u\sqrt{1+u^2}-\frac{u}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}\right)\mathrm{d}u\\ & =-\frac{1}{3}(1+u^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}+\sqrt{1+u^2}+C\\ & =-\frac{1}{3}\frac{\sqrt{(1+x^2{)}^3}}{x^3}+\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x}+C.\end{array}$$
  易知当$x<0$和$x>0$时结果相同。（这道题用倒数换元再拆分因式计算）

（21）$\int \arctan \sqrt{x}\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \arctan \sqrt{x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \arctan \sqrt{x}\mathrm{d}(1+x)=(1+x)\arctan \sqrt{x}-\int \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =(1+x)\arctan \sqrt{x}-\sqrt{x}+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题在积分时凑出一个因式简化计算）

（22）$\int \frac{\sqrt{1+\cos x}}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\sqrt{1+\cos x}}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{\sqrt{2}|\cos \frac{x}{2}|}{2\sin \frac{x}{2}\cos \frac{x}{2}}\mathrm{d}x=\pm \sqrt{2}\int \csc \frac{x}{2}\mathrm{d}\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\\ & =\pm \sqrt{2}\ln |\csc \frac{x}{2}-\cot \frac{x}{2}|+C.\end{array}$$
  上式当$\cos \frac{x}{2}>0$时取正，当$\cos \frac{x}{2}<0$时取负。
  当$\cos \frac{x}{2}>0$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \ln |\csc \frac{x}{2}-\cot \frac{x}{2}|=\ln \frac{1-\cos \frac{x}{2}}{|\sin \frac{x}{2}|} \\ =\ln \left(|\csc \frac{x}{2}|-|\cot \frac{x}{2}|\right). \end{gathered}$$
  当$\cos \frac{x}{2}<0$时，
$$\begin{gathered} \ln |\csc \frac{x}{2}-\cot \frac{x}{2}|=\ln \frac{1-\cos \frac{x}{2}}{|\sin \frac{x}{2}|} \\ =\ln \left(|\csc \frac{x}{2}|+|\cot \frac{x}{2}|\right)=-\ln \left(|\csc \frac{x}{2}|-|\cot \frac{x}{2}|\right). \end{gathered}$$
  因此有
$$\int \frac{\sqrt{1+\cos x}}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x=\sqrt{2}\ln \left(|\csc \frac{x}{2}|-|\cot \frac{x}{2}|\right)+C.$$
（这道题主要利用了分段求解）

（23）$\int \frac{x^3}{(1+x^8{)}^2}\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\int \frac{x^3}{(1+x^8{)}^2}\mathrm{d}x=\frac{1}{4}\int \frac{1}{(1+x^8{)}^2}\mathrm{d}(x^4)\stackrel{u=x^4}{=}\frac{1}{4}\int \frac{1}{(1+u^2{)}^2}\mathrm{d}u.$$
  设$u=\tan t\left(-\frac{\pi }{2}<t<\frac{\pi }{2}\right)$，则$1+u^2={\sec }^{2}t,\mathrm{d}u={\sec }^{2}t\mathrm{d}t$，于是
$$\begin{array}{rl}\text{原式}& =\frac{1}{4}\int {\cos }^{2}t\mathrm{d}t=\frac{2t+\sin 2t}{16}+C\\ & =\frac{\arctan x^4}{8}+\frac{x^4}{8(1+x^8)}+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题利用了两次换元求解）

（26）$\int \frac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}\mathrm{d}x;$

解一
  令$u=\tan \frac{x}{2}$，得
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{4u}{(1+u{)}^2(1+u^2)}\mathrm{d}u=\int \left[\frac{-2}{(1+u{)}^2}+\frac{2}{1+u^2}\right]\mathrm{d}u\\ & =\frac{2}{1+u}+2\arctan u+C=\frac{2}{1+\tan \frac{x}{2}}+x+C.\end{array}$$
解二
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{\sin x(1-\sin x)}{{\cos }^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =-\int \frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}\mathrm{d}(\cos x)-\int ({\sec }^{2}x-1)\mathrm{d}x\\ & =\sec x-\tan x+x+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要利用了换元或三角变换求解）

（27）$\int \frac{x+\sin x}{1+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{x+\sin x}{1+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{x}{2}{\sec }^2\frac{x}{2}\mathrm{d}x+\int \tan \frac{x}{2}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =\int x\mathrm{d}(\tan \frac{x}{2})+\int \tan \frac{x}{2}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =x\tan \frac{x}{2}+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要倍角公式求解，另当该函数为定积分时，有另一种解法，在总习题五第十一题（1），传送门在这里）

（28）$\int e^{\sin x}\frac{x{\cos }^{3}x-\sin x}{{\cos }^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int e^{\sin x}\frac{x{\cos }^{3}x-\sin x}{{\cos }^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int x{e}^{\sin x}\cos x\mathrm{d}x-\int e^{\sin x}\tan x\sec x\mathrm{d}x\\ & =\int x\mathrm{d}(e^{\sin x})-\int e^{\sin x}\mathrm{d}(\sec x)\\ & =x{e}^{\sin x}-\int e^{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x-(\sec x{e}^{\sin x}-\int e^{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x)\\ & =(x-\sec x)e^{\sin x}+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题利用分部积分法化简至有相同部分可以相互抵消求解）

（31）$\int \frac{e^{3x}+e^x}{e^{4x}-e^{2x}+1}\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{e^{3x}+e^x}{e^{4x}-e^{2x}+1}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{e^x+e^{-x}}{e^{2x}+e^{-2x}-1}\mathrm{d}x=\int \frac{\mathrm{d}(e^x-e^{-x})}{(e^x-e^{-x}{)}^2+1}\\ & =\arctan (e^x-e^{-x})+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题利用分式约分求解）

（33）$\int {\ln }^2(x+\sqrt{1+x^2})\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int {\ln }^2(x+\sqrt{1+x^2})\mathrm{d}x& =x{\ln }^2(x+\sqrt{1+x^2})-\int \frac{2x\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =x{\ln }^2(x+\sqrt{1+x^2})-\int 2\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})\mathrm{d}(\sqrt{1+x^2})\\ & =x{\ln }^2(x+\sqrt{1+x^2})-2\sqrt{1+x^2}\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})+2x+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要利用$(\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2}){)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}$进行化简求解）

（34）$\int \frac{\ln x}{(1+x^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}x;$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\ln x}{(1+x^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}& \stackrel{x=\frac{1}{u}}{=}\int \frac{u\ln u}{(1+u^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}u=-\int \ln u\mathrm{d}((1+u^2{)}^{-\frac{1}{2}})\\ & =-\frac{\ln u}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}+\int \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{u\sqrt{1+u^2}}\\ & =x\frac{\ln x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}-\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\\ & =x\frac{\ln x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}-\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题利用倒数换元求解）

（35）$\int \sqrt{1-x^2}\arcsin x\mathrm{d}x;$

解  设$x=\sin u\left(-\frac{\pi }{2}<u<\frac{\pi }{2}\right)$，则$\sqrt{1-x^2}=\cos u,\mathrm{d}x=\cos u\mathrm{d}u$，于是
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \sqrt{1-x^2}\arcsin x\mathrm{d}x& =\int u{\cos }^{2}u\mathrm{d}u=\frac{1}{2}\int u(1+\cos 2u)\mathrm{d}u\\ & =\frac{1}{4}\int u\mathrm{d}(2u+\sin 2u)\\ & =\frac{u(2u+\sin 2u)}{4}-\frac{1}{4}\int (2u+\sin 2u)\mathrm{d}u\\ & =\frac{u^2}{4}+\frac{u}{4}\sin 2u-\frac{{\sin }^{2}u}{4}+C\\ & =\frac{(\arcsin x{)}^2}{4}+\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{1-x^2}\arcsin x-\frac{x^2}{4}+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题利用三角函数换元求解）

（36）$\int \frac{x^3\arccos x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\mathrm{d}x;$

解  设$x=\cos u\left(0<u<\pi \right)$，则$\sqrt{1-x^2}=\sin u,\mathrm{d}x=-\sin u\mathrm{d}u$，于是
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{x^3\arccos x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\mathrm{d}x& =-\int u{\cos }^{3}u\mathrm{d}u=-\int u\mathrm{d}(\sin u-\frac{1}{3}{\sin }^{3}u)\\ & =-u(\sin u-\frac{1}{3}{\sin }^{3}u)+\int (\sin u-\frac{1}{3}{\sin }^{3}u)\mathrm{d}u\\ & =-u(\sin u-\frac{1}{3}{\sin }^{3}u)-\frac{1}{3}\int (2+{\cos }^{2}u)(\cos u)\\ & =-u(\sin u-\frac{1}{3}{\sin }^{3}u)-\frac{2}{3}\cos u-\frac{1}{9}{\cos }^{3}u+C\\ & =-\frac{1}{3}\sqrt{1-x^2}(2+x^2)\arccos x-\frac{1}{9}(6+x^2)+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要用三角函数换元再分部积分求解）

（38）$\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{{\sin }^{3}x\cos x};$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{{\sin }^{3}x\cos x}& =-\int \cot x{\sec }^{2}x\mathrm{d}(\cot x)\stackrel{u=\cot x}{=}-\int u\left(1+\frac{1}{u^2}\right)\mathrm{d}u\\ & =-\frac{u^2}{2}-\ln |u|+C=-\frac{{\cot }^{2}x}{2}-\ln |\cot x|+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要利用了三角函数换元）

（39）$\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(2+\cos x)\sin x};$

解
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(2+\cos x)\sin x}& =\int \frac{\mathrm{d}(\cos x)}{(2+\cos x)({\cos }^{2}x+1)}\\ & \stackrel{u=\cos x}{=}\int \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{(2+u)(u^2+1)}\\ & =\int \left[\frac{1}{6(u-1)}-\frac{1}{2(u+1)}+\frac{1}{3(u+2)}\right]\mathrm{d}u\\ & =\frac{1}{6}\ln |u-1|-\frac{1}{2}\ln |u+1|+\frac{1}{3}\ln |u+2|+C\\ & =\frac{1}{6}\ln (1-\cos x)-\frac{1}{2}\ln (1+\cos x)+\frac{1}{3}\ln (2+\cos x)+C.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要利用三角函数换元和因式分解积分）

（40）$\int \frac{\sin x\cos x}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x;$

解一
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\sin x\cos x}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{\frac{1}{2}(\sin x+\cos x{)}^2-\frac{1}{2}}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\int (\sin x+\cos x)\mathrm{d}x-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x\\ & =\frac{1}{2}(-\cos x+\sin x)-\frac{1}{2}\int \frac{1}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x.\end{array}$$
  令$u=\tan \frac{x}{2}$，则$\sin x=\frac{2u}{1+u^2},\cos x=\frac{1-u^2}{1+u^2},\mathrm{d}x=\frac{2}{1+u^2}\mathrm{d}u$，故有
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{1}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{2}{2u+1-u^2}\mathrm{d}u=-\int \frac{2}{(u-1{)}^2-(\sqrt{2}{)}^2}\mathrm{d}u\\ & =-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int \frac{2}{u-1-\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{d}u+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int \frac{2}{u-1+\sqrt{2}}\mathrm{d}u\\ & =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\ln \left|\frac{u-1+\sqrt{2}}{u-1-\sqrt{2}}\right|+C^{\prime }.\end{array}$$
  因此有
$$\int \frac{\sin x\cos x}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x=\frac{1}{2}(\sin x-\cos x)-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\ln \left|\frac{\tan \frac{x}{2}-1+\sqrt{2}}{\tan \frac{x}{2}-1-\sqrt{2}}\right|+C.$$
解二
$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{\sin x\cos x}{\sin x+\cos x}\mathrm{d}x& =\int \frac{\sin x\cos x}{\sqrt{2}\sin \left(x+\frac{\pi }{4}\right)}\mathrm{d}x\stackrel{u=x+\frac{\pi }{4}}{=}\int \frac{2{\sin }^{2}u-1}{2\sqrt{2}\sin u}\mathrm{d}u\\ & =\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int \sin u\mathrm{d}u-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\int \csc u\mathrm{d}u\\ & =-\frac{\cos \left(x+\frac{\pi }{4}\right)}{\sqrt{2}}-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\ln \left|\csc \left(x+\frac{\pi }{4}\right)-\cot \left(x+\frac{\pi }{4}\right)\right|+V.\end{array}$$
（这道题主要利用万能公式或三角函数换元积分求解）

写在最后

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