在第二章中,我们讨论了如何求一个函数的导函数问题,本章将讨论它的反问题,即要寻找一个可导函数,使它的导函数等于已知函数。——高等数学同济版
目录
- 习题4-1 不定积分的概念与性质
- 习题4-2 换元积分法
- 2.求下列不定积分(其中 a a a、 b b b、 ω \omega ω、 φ \varphi φ均为常数)
- (16) ∫ d x x ln x ln ln x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\ln x\ln\ln x}; ∫xlnxlnlnxdx;
- (21) ∫ 1 + ln x ( x ln x ) 2 d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{1+\ln x}{(x\ln x)^2}\mathrm{d}x; ∫(xlnx)21+lnxdx;
- (35) ∫ x x 2 − x − 2 d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x}{x^2-x-2}\mathrm{d}x; ∫x2−x−2xdx;
- (36) ∫ x 2 d x a 2 − x 2 ( a > 0 ) ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^2\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}(a>0); ∫a2−x2x2dx(a>0);
- (37) ∫ d x x x 2 − 1 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}; ∫xx2−1dx;
- (38) ∫ d x ( x 2 + 1 ) 3 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{(x^2+1)^3}}; ∫(x2+1)3dx;
- (39) ∫ x 2 − 9 x d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\sqrt{x^2-9}}{x}\mathrm{d}x; ∫xx2−9dx;
- (41) ∫ d x 1 + 1 − x 2 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}; ∫1+1−x2dx;
- (42) ∫ d x x + 1 − x 2 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x+\sqrt{1-x^2}}; ∫x+1−x2dx;
- (43) ∫ x 3 + 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^3+1}{(x^2+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x; ∫(x2+1)2x3+1dx;
- 习题4-3 分部积分法
- 习题4-4 有理函数的积分
- 求下列不定积分:
- 5. ∫ 3 x 3 + 1 d x . \displaystyle\int\cfrac{3}{x^3+1}\mathrm{d}x. ∫x3+13dx.
- 12. ∫ ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 d x . \displaystyle\int\cfrac{(x+1)^2}{(x^2+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x. ∫(x2+1)2(x+1)2dx.
- 13. ∫ − x 2 − 2 ( x 2 + x + 1 ) 2 d x \displaystyle\int\cfrac{-x^2-2}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x ∫(x2+x+1)2−x2−2dx
- 15. ∫ d x 3 + cos x . \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{3+\cos x}. ∫3+cosxdx.
- 习题4-5 积分表的使用
- 写在最后
习题4-1 不定积分的概念与性质
本节主要介绍不定积分的基础定义与性质。
2.求下列不定积分:
(13) ∫ ( 2 e x + 3 x ) d x ; \displaystyle\int\left(2e^x+\cfrac{3}{x}\right)\mathrm{d}x; ∫(2ex+x3)dx;
解
∫
(
2
e
x
+
3
x
)
d
x
=
2
∫
e
x
d
x
+
3
∫
d
x
x
=
2
e
x
+
3
ln
∣
x
∣
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\left(2e^x+\cfrac{3}{x}\right)\mathrm{d}x=2\displaystyle\int e^x\mathrm{d}x+3\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}=2e^x+3\ln|x|+C.
∫(2ex+x3)dx=2∫exdx+3∫xdx=2ex+3ln∣x∣+C.
(这道题在积分时容易忘记加上绝对值)
习题4-2 换元积分法
本节把复合函数的微分法反过来用于求不定积分,利用中间变量的代换,得到复合函数的积分法,称为换元积分法,简称换元法。
本节主要介绍了两类换元积分法。
2.求下列不定积分(其中 a a a、 b b b、 ω \omega ω、 φ \varphi φ均为常数)
(16) ∫ d x x ln x ln ln x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\ln x\ln\ln x}; ∫xlnxlnlnxdx;
解
∫
d
x
x
ln
x
ln
ln
x
=
∫
d
(
ln
x
)
ln
x
ln
ln
x
∫
d
(
ln
ln
x
)
ln
ln
x
=
ln
∣
ln
ln
x
∣
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\ln x\ln\ln x}=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}(\ln x)}{\ln x\ln\ln x}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}(\ln\ln x)}{\ln\ln x}=\ln|\ln\ln x|+C.
∫xlnxlnlnxdx=∫lnxlnlnxd(lnx)∫lnlnxd(lnlnx)=ln∣lnlnx∣+C.
(这道题表明在题目中包含
x
>
0
x>0
x>0这个条件时,
∫
d
x
x
=
ln
x
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}=\ln x
∫xdx=lnx)
(21) ∫ 1 + ln x ( x ln x ) 2 d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{1+\ln x}{(x\ln x)^2}\mathrm{d}x; ∫(xlnx)21+lnxdx;
解
∫
1
+
ln
x
(
x
ln
x
)
2
d
x
=
∫
d
(
x
ln
x
)
(
x
ln
x
)
2
=
−
1
x
ln
x
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1+\ln x}{(x\ln x)^2}\mathrm{d}x=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}(x\ln x)}{(x\ln x)^2}=-\cfrac{1}{x\ln x}+C.
∫(xlnx)21+lnxdx=∫(xlnx)2d(xlnx)=−xlnx1+C.
(这道题主要利用
(
1
+
ln
x
)
d
x
=
d
(
x
ln
x
)
(1+\ln x)\mathrm{d}x=\mathrm{d}(x\ln x)
(1+lnx)dx=d(xlnx)求解)
(35) ∫ x x 2 − x − 2 d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x}{x^2-x-2}\mathrm{d}x; ∫x2−x−2xdx;
解
∫
x
x
2
−
x
−
2
d
x
=
∫
x
(
x
−
2
)
(
x
+
1
)
d
x
=
∫
1
3
(
2
x
−
2
+
1
x
+
1
)
d
x
=
2
3
ln
∣
x
−
2
∣
+
1
3
ln
∣
x
+
1
∣
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x}{x^2-x-2}\mathrm{d}x&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{x}{(x-2)(x+1)}\mathrm{d}x=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{3}\left(\cfrac{2}{x-2}+\cfrac{1}{x+1}\right)\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\cfrac{2}{3}\ln|x-2|+\cfrac{1}{3}\ln|x+1|+C. \end{aligned}
∫x2−x−2xdx=∫(x−2)(x+1)xdx=∫31(x−22+x+11)dx=32ln∣x−2∣+31ln∣x+1∣+C.
(这道题利用分解因式并进行凑整进行求导)
(36) ∫ x 2 d x a 2 − x 2 ( a > 0 ) ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^2\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}(a>0); ∫a2−x2x2dx(a>0);
解 设
x
=
a
sin
u
(
−
π
2
<
u
<
π
2
)
x=a\sin u\left(-\cfrac{\pi}{2}<u<\cfrac{\pi}{2}\right)
x=asinu(−2π<u<2π),则
a
2
−
x
2
=
a
cos
u
,
d
x
=
a
cos
u
d
u
\sqrt{a^2-x^2}=a\cos u,\mathrm{d}x=a\cos u\mathrm{d}u
a2−x2=acosu,dx=acosudu,于是
∫
x
2
d
x
a
2
−
x
2
=
∫
a
2
sin
2
u
d
u
=
a
2
∫
1
−
cos
2
u
2
d
u
=
a
2
2
(
u
−
sin
2
u
2
)
+
C
=
a
2
2
arcsin
x
a
−
x
a
2
−
x
2
2
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^2\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}&=\displaystyle\int a^2\sin^2u\mathrm{d}u=a^2\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1-\cos2u}{2}\mathrm{d}u\\ &=\cfrac{a^2}{2}\left(u-\cfrac{\sin2u}{2}\right)+C\\ &=\cfrac{a^2}{2}\arcsin\cfrac{x}{a}-\cfrac{x\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}{2}+C. \end{aligned}
∫a2−x2x2dx=∫a2sin2udu=a2∫21−cos2udu=2a2(u−2sin2u)+C=2a2arcsinax−2xa2−x2+C.
(这道题在进行换元时,为了保证只含根号的式子不小于0,对于
u
u
u进行了大小限制)
(37) ∫ d x x x 2 − 1 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}; ∫xx2−1dx;
解 当
x
>
1
x>1
x>1时,
∫
d
x
x
x
2
−
1
=
x
=
1
t
−
∫
d
t
1
−
t
2
=
−
arcsin
t
+
C
=
−
arcsin
1
x
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}&\xlongequal{x=\cfrac{1}{t}}-\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t^2}}=-\arcsin t+C\\ &=-\arcsin\cfrac{1}{x}+C. \end{aligned}
∫xx2−1dxx=t1−∫1−t2dt=−arcsint+C=−arcsinx1+C.
当
x
<
−
1
x<-1
x<−1时,
∫
d
x
x
x
2
−
1
=
x
=
1
t
∫
d
t
1
−
t
2
=
arcsin
t
+
C
=
arcsin
1
x
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}\xlongequal{x=\cfrac{1}{t}}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}t}{\sqrt{1-t^2}}=\arcsin t+C=\arcsin\cfrac{1}{x}+C.
∫xx2−1dxx=t1∫1−t2dt=arcsint+C=arcsinx1+C.
故在
(
−
∞
,
−
1
)
(-\infty,-1)
(−∞,−1)或
(
1
,
+
∞
)
(1,+\infty)
(1,+∞)内,有
∫
d
x
x
x
2
−
1
=
−
arcsin
1
∣
x
∣
+
C
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}=-\arcsin\cfrac{1}{|x|}+C
∫xx2−1dx=−arcsin∣x∣1+C
(这道题表明对于不连续的不定积分可以进行分段求解)
(38) ∫ d x ( x 2 + 1 ) 3 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{(x^2+1)^3}}; ∫(x2+1)3dx;
解 设
x
=
tan
u
(
−
π
2
<
u
<
π
2
)
x=\tan u\left(-\cfrac{\pi}{2}<u<\cfrac{\pi}{2}\right)
x=tanu(−2π<u<2π),则
x
2
+
1
=
sec
u
,
d
x
=
sec
2
u
d
u
\sqrt{x^2+1}=\sec u,\mathrm{d}x=\sec^2u\mathrm{d}u
x2+1=secu,dx=sec2udu,于是
∫
d
x
(
x
2
+
1
)
3
=
∫
cos
u
d
u
=
sin
u
+
C
=
x
1
+
x
2
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{(x^2+1)^3}}=\displaystyle\int\cos u\mathrm{d}u=\sin u+C=\cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}+C.
∫(x2+1)3dx=∫cosudu=sinu+C=1+x2x+C.
(这道题说明对于可以取任意值的变量可以替换成
tan
x
\tan x
tanx求解)
(39) ∫ x 2 − 9 x d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\sqrt{x^2-9}}{x}\mathrm{d}x; ∫xx2−9dx;
解 当
x
>
3
x>3
x>3时,令
x
=
3
sec
u
(
0
⩽
u
<
π
2
)
,
x=3\sec u\left(0\leqslant u<\cfrac{\pi}{2}\right),
x=3secu(0⩽u<2π),
∫
x
2
−
9
x
d
x
=
∫
3
tan
2
u
d
u
=
3
∫
(
sec
2
u
−
1
)
d
u
=
3
tan
u
−
3
u
+
C
=
x
2
−
9
−
3
arccos
3
x
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\sqrt{x^2-9}}{x}\mathrm{d}x&=\displaystyle\int3\tan^2u\mathrm{d}u=3\displaystyle\int(\sec^2u-1)\mathrm{d}u=3\tan u-3u+C\\ &=\sqrt{x^2-9}-3\arccos\cfrac{3}{x}+C. \end{aligned}
∫xx2−9dx=∫3tan2udu=3∫(sec2u−1)du=3tanu−3u+C=x2−9−3arccosx3+C.
当
x
<
−
3
x<-3
x<−3时,令
x
=
3
sec
u
(
π
2
<
u
⩽
π
)
,
x=3\sec u\left(\cfrac{\pi}{2}< u\leqslant\pi\right),
x=3secu(2π<u⩽π),
∫
x
2
−
9
x
d
x
=
−
∫
3
tan
2
u
d
u
=
−
3
∫
(
sec
2
u
−
1
)
d
u
=
−
3
tan
u
+
3
u
+
C
′
=
x
2
−
9
+
3
arccos
3
x
+
C
′
=
x
2
−
9
−
3
arccos
3
−
x
+
C
+
3
π
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\sqrt{x^2-9}}{x}\mathrm{d}x&=-\displaystyle\int3\tan^2u\mathrm{d}u=-3\displaystyle\int(\sec^2u-1)\mathrm{d}u=-3\tan u+3u+C'\\ &=\sqrt{x^2-9}+3\arccos\cfrac{3}{x}+C'\\ &=\sqrt{x^2-9}-3\arccos\cfrac{3}{-x}+C+3\pi. \end{aligned}
∫xx2−9dx=−∫3tan2udu=−3∫(sec2u−1)du=−3tanu+3u+C′=x2−9+3arccosx3+C′=x2−9−3arccos−x3+C+3π.
故可以统一写作
∫
x
2
−
9
x
d
x
=
x
2
−
9
−
3
arccos
3
∣
x
∣
+
C
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\sqrt{x^2-9}}{x}\mathrm{d}x=\sqrt{x^2-9}-3\arccos\cfrac{3}{|x|}+C
∫xx2−9dx=x2−9−3arccos∣x∣3+C(这道题表明对于
x
>
1
x>1
x>1的
x
x
x变量可以使用
sec
u
\sec u
secu来换元)
(41) ∫ d x 1 + 1 − x 2 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}; ∫1+1−x2dx;
解 令
x
=
sin
t
(
−
π
2
<
t
<
π
2
)
x=\sin t\left(-\cfrac{\pi}{2}<t<\cfrac{\pi}{2}\right)
x=sint(−2π<t<2π),则
1
−
x
2
=
cos
t
,
d
x
=
cos
t
d
t
\sqrt{1-x^2}=\cos t,\mathrm{d}x=\cos t\mathrm{d}t
1−x2=cost,dx=costdt,于是
∫
d
x
1
+
1
−
x
2
=
∫
cos
t
1
+
cos
t
d
t
=
∫
2
cos
2
t
2
−
1
2
cos
2
t
2
=
t
−
tan
t
2
+
C
=
t
−
sin
t
1
+
cos
t
+
C
=
arcsin
x
−
x
1
+
1
−
x
2
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\cos t}{1+\cos t}\mathrm{d}t=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{2\cos^2\cfrac{t}{2}-1}{2\cos^2\cfrac{t}{2}}=t-\tan\cfrac{t}{2}+C\\ &=t-\cfrac{\sin t}{1+\cos t}+C=\arcsin x-\cfrac{x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^2}}+C. \end{aligned}
∫1+1−x2dx=∫1+costcostdt=∫2cos22t2cos22t−1=t−tan2t+C=t−1+costsint+C=arcsinx−1+1−x2x+C.
(这道题表明当
x
∈
(
−
1
,
1
)
x\in(-1,1)
x∈(−1,1)时,可以用
sin
x
\sin x
sinx替换)
(42) ∫ d x x + 1 − x 2 ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x+\sqrt{1-x^2}}; ∫x+1−x2dx;
解 设
x
=
sin
t
(
−
π
4
<
t
<
π
2
)
x=\sin t\left(-\cfrac{\pi}{4}<t<\cfrac{\pi}{2}\right)
x=sint(−4π<t<2π),则
1
−
x
2
=
cos
t
,
d
x
=
cos
t
t
\sqrt{1-x^2}=\cos t,\mathrm{d}x=\cos t\mathrm{t}
1−x2=cost,dx=costt,于是
∫
d
x
x
+
1
−
x
2
=
∫
cos
t
d
t
sin
t
+
cos
t
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x+\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\cos t\mathrm{d}t}{\sin t+\cos t}.
∫x+1−x2dx=∫sint+costcostdt.
记
I
1
=
∫
cos
t
d
t
sin
t
+
cos
t
,
I
2
=
∫
sin
t
d
t
sin
t
+
cos
t
I_1=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\cos t\mathrm{d}t}{\sin t+\cos t},I_2=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\sin t\mathrm{d}t}{\sin t+\cos t}
I1=∫sint+costcostdt,I2=∫sint+costsintdt,利用
I
1
+
I
2
=
∫
d
t
=
t
+
C
,
I
1
−
I
2
=
∫
cos
t
−
sin
t
sin
t
+
cos
t
d
t
=
∫
d
(
cos
t
+
sin
t
)
sin
t
+
cos
t
=
ln
∣
sin
t
+
cos
t
∣
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} I_1+I_2&=\displaystyle\int\mathrm{d}t=t+C,\\ I_1-I_2&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\cos t-\sin t}{\sin t+\cos t}\mathrm{d}t=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}(\cos t+\sin t)}{\sin t+\cos t}=\ln|\sin t+\cos t|+C. \end{aligned}
I1+I2I1−I2=∫dt=t+C,=∫sint+costcost−sintdt=∫sint+costd(cost+sint)=ln∣sint+cost∣+C.
求得
I
1
=
∫
cos
t
d
t
sin
t
+
cos
t
=
1
2
(
t
+
ln
∣
sin
t
+
cos
t
∣
)
+
C
,
I_1=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\cos t\mathrm{d}t}{\sin t+\cos t}=\cfrac{1}{2}(t+\ln|\sin t+\cos t|)+C,
I1=∫sint+costcostdt=21(t+ln∣sint+cost∣)+C,
即求得在
(
−
2
2
,
1
)
(-\cfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},1)
(−22,1)内,有
∫
d
x
x
+
1
−
x
2
=
1
2
(
arcsin
x
+
ln
∣
x
+
1
−
x
2
∣
)
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x+\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\cfrac{1}{2}(\arcsin x+\ln|x+\sqrt{1-x^2}|)+C.
∫x+1−x2dx=21(arcsinx+ln∣x+1−x2∣)+C.
再设
x
=
sin
t
(
−
π
2
<
t
<
−
π
4
)
x=\sin t\left(-\cfrac{\pi}{2}<t<-\cfrac{\pi}{4}\right)
x=sint(−2π<t<−4π),重复上面过程,可得在
(
−
1
,
−
2
2
)
(-1,-\cfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})
(−1,−22)内有与上面不定积分形式相同的结果。从而在
(
−
1
,
−
2
2
)
(-1,-\cfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2})
(−1,−22)或
(
−
2
2
,
1
)
(-\cfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2},1)
(−22,1)内,有
∫
d
x
x
+
1
−
x
2
=
1
2
(
arcsin
x
+
ln
∣
x
+
1
−
x
2
∣
)
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x+\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\cfrac{1}{2}(\arcsin x+\ln|x+\sqrt{1-x^2}|)+C.
∫x+1−x2dx=21(arcsinx+ln∣x+1−x2∣)+C.
(这道题主要是利用自变量的区间来进行分段确定不定积分的结果)
(43) ∫ x 3 + 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 d x ; \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^3+1}{(x^2+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x; ∫(x2+1)2x3+1dx;
解 设
x
=
tan
t
(
−
π
2
<
t
<
π
2
)
x=\tan t\left(-\cfrac{\pi}{2}<t<\cfrac{\pi}{2}\right)
x=tant(−2π<t<2π),则
x
2
+
1
=
sec
2
t
,
d
x
=
sec
2
t
d
t
x^2+1=\sec^2 t,\mathrm{d}x=\sec^2t\mathrm{d}t
x2+1=sec2t,dx=sec2tdt,于是
∫
x
3
+
1
(
x
2
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
∫
tan
3
t
+
1
sec
2
t
d
t
=
∫
cos
2
t
−
1
cos
t
d
(
cos
t
)
+
∫
1
+
cos
2
t
2
d
t
=
1
2
cos
2
t
−
ln
cos
t
+
t
2
+
1
4
sin
2
t
+
C
=
1
2
cos
2
t
−
ln
cos
t
+
t
2
+
1
2
sin
t
cos
t
+
C
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^3+1}{(x^2+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\tan^3t+1}{\sec^2t}\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\cos^2t-1}{\cos t}\mathrm{d}(\cos t)+\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1+\cos2t}{2}\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}\cos^2t-\ln\cos t+\cfrac{t}{2}+\cfrac{1}{4}\sin2t+C\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}\cos^2t-\ln\cos t+\cfrac{t}{2}+\cfrac{1}{2}\sin t\cos t+C \end{aligned}
∫(x2+1)2x3+1dx=∫sec2ttan3t+1dt=∫costcos2t−1d(cost)+∫21+cos2tdt=21cos2t−lncost+2t+41sin2t+C=21cos2t−lncost+2t+21sintcost+C
按
tan
t
=
x
\tan t=x
tant=x作辅助三角形,便有
cos
t
=
1
1
+
x
2
,
sin
t
=
x
1
+
x
2
.
\cos t=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}},\quad\sin t=\cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}.
cost=1+x21,sint=1+x2x.
于是
∫
x
3
+
1
(
x
2
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
1
+
x
2
(
1
+
x
2
)
+
1
2
ln
(
1
+
x
2
)
+
1
2
arctan
x
+
C
.
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^3+1}{(x^2+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x=\cfrac{1+x}{2(1+x^2)}+\cfrac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2)+\cfrac{1}{2}\arctan x+C.
∫(x2+1)2x3+1dx=2(1+x2)1+x+21ln(1+x2)+21arctanx+C.
(这道题表明有时可以借助辅助三角形求解)
习题4-3 分部积分法
本节主要介绍了分部积分法。
求下列不定积分:
18. ∫ ln 3 x x 2 d x \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\ln^3x}{x^2}\mathrm{d}x ∫x2ln3xdx
解
∫
ln
3
x
x
2
d
x
=
∫
−
ln
3
x
d
(
1
x
)
=
−
ln
3
x
x
−
3
∫
ln
2
x
d
(
1
x
)
=
−
ln
3
x
x
−
3
[
ln
2
x
x
+
2
∫
ln
x
d
(
1
x
)
]
=
−
ln
3
x
+
3
ln
2
x
+
6
ln
x
+
6
x
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\ln^3x}{x^2}\mathrm{d}x&=\displaystyle\int-\ln^3x\mathrm{d}\left(\cfrac{1}{x}\right)=-\cfrac{\ln^3x}{x}-3\displaystyle\int\ln^2x\mathrm{d}\left(\cfrac{1}{x}\right)\\ &=-\cfrac{\ln^3x}{x}-3\left[\cfrac{\ln^2x}{x}+2\displaystyle\int\ln x\mathrm{d}\left(\cfrac{1}{x}\right)\right]\\ &=-\cfrac{\ln^3x+3\ln^2x+6\ln x+6}{x}+C. \end{aligned}
∫x2ln3xdx=∫−ln3xd(x1)=−xln3x−3∫ln2xd(x1)=−xln3x−3[xln2x+2∫lnxd(x1)]=−xln3x+3ln2x+6lnx+6+C.
(这道题说明可以采用不同的分部方式来进行计算)
习题4-4 有理函数的积分
本节主要介绍了有理函数的积分及可化为有理函数的积分。
求下列不定积分:
5. ∫ 3 x 3 + 1 d x . \displaystyle\int\cfrac{3}{x^3+1}\mathrm{d}x. ∫x3+13dx.
解
∫
3
x
3
+
1
d
x
=
∫
3
(
1
+
x
)
(
x
2
−
x
+
1
)
d
x
=
∫
(
1
x
+
1
+
2
−
x
x
2
−
x
+
1
)
d
x
=
ln
∣
1
+
x
∣
−
1
2
∫
(
x
2
−
x
+
1
)
′
x
2
−
x
+
1
d
x
+
3
2
∫
1
x
2
−
x
+
1
d
x
=
ln
∣
1
+
x
∣
−
1
2
ln
(
x
2
−
x
+
1
)
+
3
∫
1
(
2
x
−
1
3
)
2
+
1
d
(
2
x
−
1
3
)
=
ln
∣
1
+
x
∣
−
1
2
ln
(
x
2
−
x
+
1
)
+
3
arctan
2
x
−
1
3
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{3}{x^3+1}\mathrm{d}x&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{3}{(1+x)(x^2-x+1)}\mathrm{d}x=\displaystyle\int\left(\cfrac{1}{x+1}+\cfrac{2-x}{x^2-x+1}\right)\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\ln|1+x|-\cfrac{1}{2}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{(x^2-x+1)'}{x^2-x+1}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{3}{2}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{x^2-x+1}\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\ln|1+x|-\cfrac{1}{2}\ln(x^2-x+1)+\sqrt{3}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{\left(\cfrac{2x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)^2+1}\mathrm{d}\left(\cfrac{2x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)\\ &=\ln|1+x|-\cfrac{1}{2}\ln(x^2-x+1)+\sqrt{3}\arctan\cfrac{2x-1}{\sqrt{3}}+C. \end{aligned}
∫x3+13dx=∫(1+x)(x2−x+1)3dx=∫(x+11+x2−x+12−x)dx=ln∣1+x∣−21∫x2−x+1(x2−x+1)′dx+23∫x2−x+11dx=ln∣1+x∣−21ln(x2−x+1)+3∫(32x−1)2+11d(32x−1)=ln∣1+x∣−21ln(x2−x+1)+3arctan32x−1+C.
(这道题先使用待定系数确定分解后的因式的分子上的系数,再对不可分解的因式进行拆分,分母化为平方和并进行积分)
12. ∫ ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 d x . \displaystyle\int\cfrac{(x+1)^2}{(x^2+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x. ∫(x2+1)2(x+1)2dx.
解
∫
(
x
+
1
)
2
(
x
2
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
∫
x
2
+
1
(
x
+
1
)
2
d
x
+
∫
2
x
d
x
(
x
+
1
)
2
=
arctan
x
−
1
x
2
+
1
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{(x+1)^2}{(x^2+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{x^2+1}{(x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x+\displaystyle\int\cfrac{2x\mathrm{d}x}{(x+1)^2}\\ &=\arctan x-\cfrac{1}{x^2+1}+C. \end{aligned}
∫(x2+1)2(x+1)2dx=∫(x+1)2x2+1dx+∫(x+1)22xdx=arctanx−x2+11+C.
(这道题需要把分子上的式子拆分成易于积分的几部分再进行运算)
13. ∫ − x 2 − 2 ( x 2 + x + 1 ) 2 d x \displaystyle\int\cfrac{-x^2-2}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x ∫(x2+x+1)2−x2−2dx
解
∫
−
x
2
−
2
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
∫
[
−
1
x
2
+
x
+
1
+
x
−
1
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
2
]
d
x
=
−
∫
1
x
2
+
x
+
1
d
x
+
1
2
∫
d
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
x
2
+
x
+
1
−
3
2
∫
1
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
2
d
x
.
\begin{aligned} &\displaystyle\int\cfrac{-x^2-2}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x=\displaystyle\int\left[-\cfrac{1}{x^2+x+1}+\cfrac{x-1}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\right]\mathrm{d}x\\ &=-\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{x^2+x+1}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{1}{2}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}(x^2+x+1)}{x^2+x+1}-\cfrac{3}{2}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x. \end{aligned}
∫(x2+x+1)2−x2−2dx=∫[−x2+x+11+(x2+x+1)2x−1]dx=−∫x2+x+11dx+21∫x2+x+1d(x2+x+1)−23∫(x2+x+1)21dx.
令
u
=
x
+
1
2
u=x+\cfrac{1}{2}
u=x+21,并记
a
=
3
2
a=\cfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}
a=23,则
∫
1
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
∫
1
(
u
2
+
a
2
)
2
d
u
=
1
2
a
2
[
u
u
2
+
a
2
+
∫
1
u
2
+
a
2
d
u
]
=
u
2
a
2
(
u
2
+
a
2
)
+
1
2
a
2
∫
1
u
2
+
a
2
d
u
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{(u^2+a^2)^2}\mathrm{d}u=\cfrac{1}{2a^2}\left[\cfrac{u}{u^2+a^2}+\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{u^2+a^2}\mathrm{d}u\right]\\ &=\cfrac{u}{2a^2(u^2+a^2)}+\cfrac{1}{2a^2}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{u^2+a^2}\mathrm{d}u. \end{aligned}
∫(x2+x+1)21dx=∫(u2+a2)21du=2a21[u2+a2u+∫u2+a21du]=2a2(u2+a2)u+2a21∫u2+a21du.
由此得
∫
1
x
2
+
x
+
1
d
x
+
3
2
∫
1
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
∫
1
u
2
+
a
2
d
u
+
3
2
[
u
2
a
2
(
u
2
+
a
2
)
+
1
2
a
2
∫
1
u
2
+
a
2
d
u
]
=
3
u
4
a
2
(
u
2
+
a
2
)
+
(
3
4
a
2
+
1
)
∫
1
u
2
+
a
2
d
u
=
3
u
4
a
2
(
u
2
+
a
2
)
+
1
a
(
3
4
a
2
+
1
)
arctan
u
a
+
C
1
=
2
x
+
1
2
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
+
4
3
arctan
2
x
+
1
3
+
C
1
.
\begin{aligned} &\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{x^2+x+1}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{3}{2}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x\\ =&\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{u^2+a^2}\mathrm{d}u+\cfrac{3}{2}\left[\cfrac{u}{2a^2(u^2+a^2)}+\cfrac{1}{2a^2}\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{u^2+a^2}\mathrm{d}u\right]\\ =&\cfrac{3u}{4a^2(u^2+a^2)}+\left(\cfrac{3}{4a^2}+1\right)\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{u^2+a^2}\mathrm{d}u\\ =&\cfrac{3u}{4a^2(u^2+a^2)}+\cfrac{1}{a}\left(\cfrac{3}{4a^2}+1\right)\arctan\cfrac{u}{a}+C_1\\ =&\cfrac{2x+1}{2(x^2+x+1)}+\cfrac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\arctan\cfrac{2x+1}{\sqrt{3}}+C_1. \end{aligned}
====∫x2+x+11dx+23∫(x2+x+1)21dx∫u2+a21du+23[2a2(u2+a2)u+2a21∫u2+a21du]4a2(u2+a2)3u+(4a23+1)∫u2+a21du4a2(u2+a2)3u+a1(4a23+1)arctanau+C12(x2+x+1)2x+1+34arctan32x+1+C1.
因此有
∫
−
x
2
−
2
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
−
1
2
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
−
2
x
+
1
2
(
x
2
+
x
+
1
)
−
4
3
arctan
2
x
+
1
3
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{-x^2-2}{(x^2+x+1)^2}\mathrm{d}x=&-\cfrac{1}{2(x^2+x+1)}-\cfrac{2x+1}{2(x^2+x+1)}-\cfrac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\arctan\cfrac{2x+1}{\sqrt{3}}+C. \end{aligned}
∫(x2+x+1)2−x2−2dx=−2(x2+x+1)1−2(x2+x+1)2x+1−34arctan32x+1+C.
(这道题通过逐步代换得到结果)
15. ∫ d x 3 + cos x . \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{3+\cos x}. ∫3+cosxdx.
解 令
u
=
tan
x
2
u=\tan\cfrac{x}{2}
u=tan2x,则
∫
d
x
3
+
cos
x
=
∫
1
3
+
1
−
u
2
1
+
u
2
⋅
2
1
+
u
2
d
u
=
∫
1
2
+
u
2
d
u
=
1
2
arctan
u
2
+
C
=
1
2
arctan
tan
x
2
2
+
C
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{3+\cos x}&=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{3+\cfrac{1-u^2}{1+u^2}}\cdot\cfrac{2}{1+u^2}\mathrm{d}u=\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{2+u^2}\mathrm{d}u\\ &=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\arctan\cfrac{u}{\sqrt{2}}+C=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\arctan\cfrac{\tan\cfrac{x}{2}}{\sqrt{2}}+C. \end{aligned}
∫3+cosxdx=∫3+1+u21−u21⋅1+u22du=∫2+u21du=21arctan2u+C=21arctan2tan2x+C.
(当式子中有三角函数时,可以用正切值代替)
习题4-5 积分表的使用
本节主要介绍了如何查阅积分表及其相关变形。(本节不在考纲中
)
写在最后
总习题四难点比较多,综合性强,在下一篇《第四章 不定积分(二)》中详述。
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另,参考的积分表及公式见附录。