克莱蒙法则简要证明

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克莱蒙法则：对于形如 $$\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& \cdots & a_{1n}\\ a_{21}& a_{21}& \cdots & a_{2n}\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ a_{n1}& a_{n2}& \cdots & a_{nn}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}{x}_1\\ x_2\\ ⋮\\ x_n\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}{b}_1\\ b_2\\ ⋮\\ b_n\end{array}\right)$$ 的线性方程组。如果系数矩阵$A$可逆。则其解为
$$x_i=\frac{\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& \cdots & a_{1,i-1}& b_1& a_{1,i+1}& \cdots & a_{1n}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}& \cdots & a_{2,i-1}& b_2& a_{2,i+1}& \cdots & a_{2n}\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮& ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ a_{n1}& a_{n2}& \cdots & a_{n,i-1}& b_n& a_{n,i+1}& \cdots & a_{nn}\end{array}\right)}{|A|}$$

其中 $$A=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& \cdots & a_{1n}\\ a_{21}& a_{21}& \cdots & a_{2n}\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ a_{n1}& a_{n2}& \cdots & a_{nn}\end{array}\right)$$

proof.
令 $${\mathbf{v}}_i=\left(\begin{array}{c}{a}_{i1}\\ a_{i2}\\ ⋮\\ a_{in}\end{array}\right),\mathbf{b}=\left(\begin{array}{c}{b}_1\\ b_2\\ ⋮\\ b_n\end{array}\right),A_i=\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}{\mathbf{v}}_1& {\mathbf{v}}_2& \cdots & {\mathbf{v}}_{i-1}& \mathbf{b}& {\mathbf{v}}_{i+1}& \cdots & {\mathbf{v}}_n\end{array}\right)$$

$${\mathbf{e}}_1=\left(\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ ⋮\\ 0\end{array}\right),{\mathbf{e}}_2=\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ ⋮\\ 0\end{array}\right),\cdots ,{\mathbf{e}}_n=\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ ⋮\\ 1\end{array}\right),\mathbf{x}=\left(\begin{array}{c}{x}_1\\ x_2\\ ⋮\\ x_n\end{array}\right)$$ $$X_i=\left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}{\mathbf{e}}_1& {\mathbf{e}}_2& \cdots & {\mathbf{e}}_{i-1}& \mathbf{x}& {\mathbf{e}}_{i+1}& \cdots & {\mathbf{e}}_n\end{array}\right)$$

显然可以得到如下等式,
$$X_i=A^{-1}{A}_i\to det(X_i)=det(A^{-1}{A}_i)$$ 又因为
$$det(X_i)=x_i=det(A^{-1})det(A_i)=\frac{det(A_i)}{det(A)}$$
于是克莱蒙法则得证。