目录
- A A A组
- 5.利用变量代换
u
=
x
,
v
=
y
x
u=x,v=\cfrac{y}{x}
u=x,v=xy,可将方程
x
∂
z
∂
x
+
y
∂
z
∂
y
=
z
x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}+y\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=z
x∂x∂z+y∂y∂z=z化为新方程( )。
( A ) u ∂ z ∂ u = z ; (A)u\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}=z; (A)u∂u∂z=z;
( B ) v ∂ z ∂ v = z ; (B)v\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}=z; (B)v∂v∂z=z;
( C ) u ∂ z ∂ v = z ; (C)u\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}=z; (C)u∂v∂z=z;
( D ) v ∂ z ∂ u = z . (D)v\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}=z. (D)v∂u∂z=z. - 14.设函数 z = z ( x , y ) z=z(x,y) z=z(x,y)由 G ( x , y , z ) = F ( x y , y z ) = 0 G(x,y,z)=F(xy,yz)=0 G(x,y,z)=F(xy,yz)=0确定,其中 F F F为可微函数,且 G z ′ ≠ 0 G_z'\ne0 Gz′=0,求 x ∂ z ∂ x − y ∂ z ∂ y x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}-y\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} x∂x∂z−y∂y∂z。
- 5.利用变量代换
u
=
x
,
v
=
y
x
u=x,v=\cfrac{y}{x}
u=x,v=xy,可将方程
x
∂
z
∂
x
+
y
∂
z
∂
y
=
z
x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}+y\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=z
x∂x∂z+y∂y∂z=z化为新方程( )。
- B B B组
- 3.设
y
=
f
(
x
,
t
)
y=f(x,t)
y=f(x,t),而是
t
t
t由方程
F
(
x
,
y
,
t
)
=
0
F(x,y,t)=0
F(x,y,t)=0所确定的
x
,
y
x,y
x,y的函数,其中
f
,
F
f,F
f,F均具有一阶连续偏导数,则
d
y
d
x
=
\cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=
dxdy=( )。
( A ) f x ′ F t ′ + f t ′ F x ′ F t ′ ; (A)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t+f'_tF'_x}{F'_t}; (A)Ft′fx′Ft′+ft′Fx′;
( B ) f x ′ F t ′ − f t ′ F x ′ F t ′ ; (B)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t-f'_tF'_x}{F'_t}; (B)Ft′fx′Ft′−ft′Fx′;
( C ) f x ′ F t ′ + f t ′ F x ′ f t ′ F y ′ + F t ′ ; (C)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t+f'_tF'_x}{f'_tF'_y+F'_t}; (C)ft′Fy′+Ft′fx′Ft′+ft′Fx′;
( D ) f x ′ F t ′ − f t ′ F x ′ f t ′ F y ′ + F t ′ . (D)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t-f'_tF'_x}{f'_tF'_y+F'_t}. (D)ft′Fy′+Ft′fx′Ft′−ft′Fx′. - 4.设函数
u
=
u
(
x
,
y
)
u=u(x,y)
u=u(x,y)满足
∂
2
u
∂
x
2
=
∂
2
u
∂
y
2
\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x^2}=\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial y^2}
∂x2∂2u=∂y2∂2u及
u
(
x
,
2
x
)
=
x
,
u
1
′
(
x
,
2
x
)
=
x
2
u(x,2x)=x,u'_1(x,2x)=x^2
u(x,2x)=x,u1′(x,2x)=x2,其中
u
u
u具有二阶连续偏导数,则
u
11
′
′
(
x
,
2
x
)
=
u''_{11}(x,2x)=
u11′′(x,2x)=( )。
( A ) 4 3 x ; (A)\cfrac{4}{3}x; (A)34x;
( B ) − 4 3 x ; (B)-\cfrac{4}{3}x; (B)−34x;
( C ) 3 4 x ; (C)\cfrac{3}{4}x; (C)43x;
( D ) − 3 4 x . (D)-\cfrac{3}{4}x. (D)−43x. - 32.设 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 O ( 0 , 0 ) O(0,0) O(0,0)处的某邻域 U U U内连续,且 lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) − x y x 2 + y 2 = a \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{f(x,y)-xy}{x^2+y^2}=a (x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y2f(x,y)−xy=a,常数 a > 1 2 a>\cfrac{1}{2} a>21。讨论 f ( 0 , 0 ) f(0,0) f(0,0)是否为 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值?若是极值,判断是极大值还是极小值?
- 39.求正数 a , b a,b a,b的值,使得椭圆 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2=1包含圆 x 2 + y 2 = 2 y x^2+y^2=2y x2+y2=2y,且面积最小。
- 3.设
y
=
f
(
x
,
t
)
y=f(x,t)
y=f(x,t),而是
t
t
t由方程
F
(
x
,
y
,
t
)
=
0
F(x,y,t)=0
F(x,y,t)=0所确定的
x
,
y
x,y
x,y的函数,其中
f
,
F
f,F
f,F均具有一阶连续偏导数,则
d
y
d
x
=
\cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=
dxdy=( )。
- C C C组
- 3.设函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)及它的二阶偏导数在全平面连续,且 f ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 , ∣ ∂ f ∂ x ∣ ⩽ 2 ∣ x − y ∣ , ∣ ∂ f ∂ y ∣ ⩽ 2 ∣ x − y ∣ f(0,0)=0,\left|\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right|\leqslant2|x-y|,\left|\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right|\leqslant2|x-y| f(0,0)=0,∣∣∣∣∣∂x∂f∣∣∣∣∣⩽2∣x−y∣,∣∣∣∣∣∂y∂f∣∣∣∣∣⩽2∣x−y∣。求证: ∣ f ( 5 , 4 ) ∣ ⩽ 1 |f(5,4)|\leqslant1 ∣f(5,4)∣⩽1。
- 5.设 u ( x , y ) u(x,y) u(x,y)具有二阶连续偏导数,证明无零值的函数 u ( x , y ) u(x,y) u(x,y)可分离变量(即 u ( x , y ) = f ( x ) g ( y ) u(x,y)=f(x)g(y) u(x,y)=f(x)g(y))的充分必要条件是 u ∂ 2 u ∂ x ∂ y = ∂ u ∂ x ∂ u ∂ y u\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}=\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} u∂x∂y∂2u=∂x∂u∂y∂u。
- 写在最后
A A A组
5.利用变量代换
u
=
x
,
v
=
y
x
u=x,v=\cfrac{y}{x}
u=x,v=xy,可将方程
x
∂
z
∂
x
+
y
∂
z
∂
y
=
z
x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}+y\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=z
x∂x∂z+y∂y∂z=z化为新方程( )。
(
A
)
u
∂
z
∂
u
=
z
;
(A)u\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}=z;
(A)u∂u∂z=z;
(
B
)
v
∂
z
∂
v
=
z
;
(B)v\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}=z;
(B)v∂v∂z=z;
(
C
)
u
∂
z
∂
v
=
z
;
(C)u\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}=z;
(C)u∂v∂z=z;
(
D
)
v
∂
z
∂
u
=
z
.
(D)v\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}=z.
(D)v∂u∂z=z.
解 由复合函数微分法则可得
∂
z
∂
x
=
∂
z
∂
u
⋅
1
+
∂
z
∂
v
⋅
(
−
y
x
2
)
,
∂
z
∂
y
=
1
x
⋅
∂
z
∂
v
\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}=\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}\cdot1+\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}\cdot\left(-\cfrac{y}{x^2}\right),\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=\cfrac{1}{x}\cdot\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}
∂x∂z=∂u∂z⋅1+∂v∂z⋅(−x2y),∂y∂z=x1⋅∂v∂z,于是
x
∂
z
∂
x
+
y
∂
z
∂
y
=
x
⋅
∂
z
∂
u
−
y
x
⋅
∂
z
∂
v
+
y
x
⋅
∂
z
∂
v
=
x
∂
z
∂
u
=
z
x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}+y\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=x\cdot\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}-\cfrac{y}{x}\cdot\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}+\cfrac{y}{x}\cdot\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial v}=x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}=z
x∂x∂z+y∂y∂z=x⋅∂u∂z−xy⋅∂v∂z+xy⋅∂v∂z=x∂u∂z=z。
又
u
=
x
u=x
u=x,故新方程为
u
∂
z
∂
u
=
z
u\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial u}=z
u∂u∂z=z。(这道题主要利用了复合函数求导法则求解)
14.设函数 z = z ( x , y ) z=z(x,y) z=z(x,y)由 G ( x , y , z ) = F ( x y , y z ) = 0 G(x,y,z)=F(xy,yz)=0 G(x,y,z)=F(xy,yz)=0确定,其中 F F F为可微函数,且 G z ′ ≠ 0 G_z'\ne0 Gz′=0,求 x ∂ z ∂ x − y ∂ z ∂ y x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}-y\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} x∂x∂z−y∂y∂z。
解 由于 F ( x y , y z ) = 0 F(xy,yz)=0 F(xy,yz)=0,可得 G x ′ = F 1 ′ ⋅ y , G y ′ = F 1 ′ ⋅ x + F 2 ′ ⋅ y , G x ′ = F 2 ′ ⋅ y G'_x=F'_1\cdot y,G'_y=F'_1\cdot x+F'_2\cdot y,G'_x=F'_2\cdot y Gx′=F1′⋅y,Gy′=F1′⋅x+F2′⋅y,Gx′=F2′⋅y。又 ∂ z ∂ x = − G x ′ G z ′ = − F 1 ′ F 2 ′ , ∂ z ∂ y = − G y ′ G z ′ = − F 1 ′ ⋅ x + F 2 ′ ⋅ y F 2 ′ ⋅ y \cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}=-\cfrac{G'_x}{G'_z}=-\cfrac{F'_1}{F'_2},\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=-\cfrac{G'_y}{G'_z}=-\cfrac{F'_1\cdot x+F'_2\cdot y}{F'_2\cdot y} ∂x∂z=−Gz′Gx′=−F2′F1′,∂y∂z=−Gz′Gy′=−F2′⋅yF1′⋅x+F2′⋅y,因此 x ∂ z ∂ x − y ∂ z ∂ y = z x\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial x}-y\cfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}=z x∂x∂z−y∂y∂z=z。(这道题主要利用了隐函数求导求解)
B B B组
3.设
y
=
f
(
x
,
t
)
y=f(x,t)
y=f(x,t),而是
t
t
t由方程
F
(
x
,
y
,
t
)
=
0
F(x,y,t)=0
F(x,y,t)=0所确定的
x
,
y
x,y
x,y的函数,其中
f
,
F
f,F
f,F均具有一阶连续偏导数,则
d
y
d
x
=
\cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=
dxdy=( )。
(
A
)
f
x
′
F
t
′
+
f
t
′
F
x
′
F
t
′
;
(A)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t+f'_tF'_x}{F'_t};
(A)Ft′fx′Ft′+ft′Fx′;
(
B
)
f
x
′
F
t
′
−
f
t
′
F
x
′
F
t
′
;
(B)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t-f'_tF'_x}{F'_t};
(B)Ft′fx′Ft′−ft′Fx′;
(
C
)
f
x
′
F
t
′
+
f
t
′
F
x
′
f
t
′
F
y
′
+
F
t
′
;
(C)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t+f'_tF'_x}{f'_tF'_y+F'_t};
(C)ft′Fy′+Ft′fx′Ft′+ft′Fx′;
(
D
)
f
x
′
F
t
′
−
f
t
′
F
x
′
f
t
′
F
y
′
+
F
t
′
.
(D)\cfrac{f'_xF'_t-f'_tF'_x}{f'_tF'_y+F'_t}.
(D)ft′Fy′+Ft′fx′Ft′−ft′Fx′.
解 方程两边求全微分,得 F x ′ d x + F y ′ d y + F t ′ d t = 0 F'_x\mathrm{d}x+F'_y\mathrm{d}y+F'_t\mathrm{d}t=0 Fx′dx+Fy′dy+Ft′dt=0,则 d t = − F x ′ F t ′ d x − F y ′ F t ′ d y \mathrm{d}t=-\cfrac{F'_x}{F'_t}\mathrm{d}x-\cfrac{F'_y}{F'_t}\mathrm{d}y dt=−Ft′Fx′dx−Ft′Fy′dy,又 d y = f x ′ d x + f t ′ d t = f x ′ d x − f t ′ ( F x ′ F t ′ d x + F y ′ F t ′ d y ) \mathrm{d}y=f'_x\mathrm{d}x+f'_t\mathrm{d}t=f'_x\mathrm{d}x-f'_t\left(\cfrac{F'_x}{F'_t}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{F'_y}{F'_t}\mathrm{d}y\right) dy=fx′dx+ft′dt=fx′dx−ft′(Ft′Fx′dx+Ft′Fy′dy),解得 d y d x = f x ′ F t ′ − f t ′ F x ′ f t ′ F y ′ + F t ′ \cfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=\cfrac{f'_xF'_t-f'_tF'_x}{f'_tF'_y+F'_t} dxdy=ft′Fy′+Ft′fx′Ft′−ft′Fx′,故选 ( D ) (D) (D)。(这道题主要利用了隐函数求导求解)
4.设函数
u
=
u
(
x
,
y
)
u=u(x,y)
u=u(x,y)满足
∂
2
u
∂
x
2
=
∂
2
u
∂
y
2
\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x^2}=\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial y^2}
∂x2∂2u=∂y2∂2u及
u
(
x
,
2
x
)
=
x
,
u
1
′
(
x
,
2
x
)
=
x
2
u(x,2x)=x,u'_1(x,2x)=x^2
u(x,2x)=x,u1′(x,2x)=x2,其中
u
u
u具有二阶连续偏导数,则
u
11
′
′
(
x
,
2
x
)
=
u''_{11}(x,2x)=
u11′′(x,2x)=( )。
(
A
)
4
3
x
;
(A)\cfrac{4}{3}x;
(A)34x;
(
B
)
−
4
3
x
;
(B)-\cfrac{4}{3}x;
(B)−34x;
(
C
)
3
4
x
;
(C)\cfrac{3}{4}x;
(C)43x;
(
D
)
−
3
4
x
.
(D)-\cfrac{3}{4}x.
(D)−43x.
解 等式 u ( x , 2 x ) = x u(x,2x)=x u(x,2x)=x两边对 x x x求导得 u 1 ′ + 2 u 2 ′ = 1 u'_1+2u'_2=1 u1′+2u2′=1,两边再对 x x x求导得 u 11 ′ ′ + 2 u 12 ′ ′ + 2 u 21 ′ ′ + 4 u 22 ′ ′ = 0 u''_{11}+2u''_{12}+2u''_{21}+4u''_{22}=0 u11′′+2u12′′+2u21′′+4u22′′=0,等式 u 1 ′ ( x , 2 x ) = x 2 u'_1(x,2x)=x^2 u1′(x,2x)=x2两边对 x x x求导得 u 11 ′ ′ + 2 u 12 ′ ′ = 2 x u''_{11}+2u''_{12}=2x u11′′+2u12′′=2x,代入得 u 11 ′ ′ ( x , 2 x ) = − 4 3 x u''_{11}(x,2x)=-\cfrac{4}{3}x u11′′(x,2x)=−34x。(这道题主要利用了方程求导法则求解)
32.设 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)在点 O ( 0 , 0 ) O(0,0) O(0,0)处的某邻域 U U U内连续,且 lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) − x y x 2 + y 2 = a \lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{f(x,y)-xy}{x^2+y^2}=a (x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y2f(x,y)−xy=a,常数 a > 1 2 a>\cfrac{1}{2} a>21。讨论 f ( 0 , 0 ) f(0,0) f(0,0)是否为 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)的极值?若是极值,判断是极大值还是极小值?
解 由
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
f
(
x
,
y
)
−
x
y
x
2
+
y
2
=
a
\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{f(x,y)-xy}{x^2+y^2}=a
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y2f(x,y)−xy=a,知
f
(
x
,
y
)
−
x
y
x
2
+
y
2
=
a
+
α
\cfrac{f(x,y)-xy}{x^2+y^2}=a+\alpha
x2+y2f(x,y)−xy=a+α,其中
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
α
=
0
\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\alpha=0
(x,y)→(0,0)limα=0。
再令
a
=
1
2
+
b
,
b
>
0
a=\cfrac{1}{2}+b,b>0
a=21+b,b>0,于是上式可改写为
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
x
y
+
(
1
2
+
b
+
α
)
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
f(x,y)=xy+\left(\cfrac{1}{2}+b+\alpha\right)(x^2+y^2)
f(x,y)=xy+(21+b+α)(x2+y2)。
由
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)的连续性,有
f
(
0
,
0
)
=
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
0
f(0,0)=\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}f(x,y)=0
f(0,0)=(x,y)→(0,0)limf(x,y)=0。
另一方面,由
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
α
=
0
\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\alpha=0
(x,y)→(0,0)limα=0知,存在点
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)处的去心邻域
U
˚
δ
(
0
)
\mathring{U}_\delta(0)
U˚δ(0),当
(
x
,
y
)
∈
U
˚
δ
(
0
)
(x,y)\in\mathring{U}_\delta(0)
(x,y)∈U˚δ(0)时,有
∣
α
∣
<
b
2
|\alpha|<\cfrac{b}{2}
∣α∣<2b,故在
U
˚
δ
(
0
)
\mathring{U}_\delta(0)
U˚δ(0)内,
f
(
x
,
y
)
>
0
f(x,y)>0
f(x,y)>0,所以
f
(
0
,
0
)
f(0,0)
f(0,0)是
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)的极小值。(这道题主要利用了极限定义求解)
39.求正数 a , b a,b a,b的值,使得椭圆 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 = 1 \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}=1 a2x2+b2y2=1包含圆 x 2 + y 2 = 2 y x^2+y^2=2y x2+y2=2y,且面积最小。
解 如下图,由于所求椭圆必须包含圆 x 2 + y 2 = 2 y x^2+y^2=2y x2+y2=2y,并与之相切。
故在椭圆上的任意一点
(
x
,
y
)
(x,y)
(x,y)处满足
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
x
2
+
(
y
−
1
)
2
⩾
1
f(x,y)=x^2+(y-1)^2\geqslant1
f(x,y)=x2+(y−1)2⩾1。这就是说函数
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
x
2
+
(
y
−
1
)
2
f(x,y)=x^2+(y-1)^2
f(x,y)=x2+(y−1)2在椭圆方程
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
1
\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}=1
a2x2+b2y2=1的约束下取得最小值
1
1
1。于是考虑条件极值问题:
{
min
{
f
(
x
,
y
)
}
=
1
,
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
1.
\begin{cases} \min\{f(x,y)\}=1,\\ \cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}=1. \end{cases}
⎩⎨⎧min{f(x,y)}=1,a2x2+b2y2=1.
构造拉格朗日函数
L
(
x
,
y
,
λ
)
=
x
2
+
(
y
−
1
)
2
+
λ
(
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
−
1
)
L(x,y,\lambda)=x^2+(y-1)^2+\lambda\left(\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}-1\right)
L(x,y,λ)=x2+(y−1)2+λ(a2x2+b2y2−1),令
{
L
x
′
=
2
x
+
2
λ
x
a
2
=
0
,
(
1
)
L
y
′
=
2
(
y
−
1
)
+
2
λ
y
b
2
=
0
,
(
2
)
L
λ
′
=
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
−
1
=
0.
(
3
)
\begin{cases} L'_x=2x+\cfrac{2\lambda x}{a^2}=0,&\qquad(1)\\ L'_y=2(y-1)+\cfrac{2\lambda y}{b^2}=0,&\qquad(2)\\ L'_\lambda=\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}-1=0.&\qquad(3) \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧Lx′=2x+a22λx=0,Ly′=2(y−1)+b22λy=0,Lλ′=a2x2+b2y2−1=0.(1)(2)(3)
若
x
≠
0
x\ne0
x=0,则由可解得
λ
=
−
a
2
\lambda=-a^2
λ=−a2,再由
(
2
)
(2)
(2)可解得
y
0
=
b
2
b
2
−
a
2
y_0=\cfrac{b^2}{b^2-a^2}
y0=b2−a2b2;并由
(
3
)
(3)
(3)解得
x
0
2
=
a
2
[
1
−
b
2
(
b
2
−
a
2
)
2
]
x_0^2=a^2\left[1-\cfrac{b^2}{(b^2-a^2)^2}\right]
x02=a2[1−(b2−a2)2b2]。
由
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
=
1
f(x_0,y_0)=1
f(x0,y0)=1推出
a
2
[
1
−
b
2
(
b
2
−
a
2
)
2
]
+
b
4
(
b
2
−
a
2
)
2
=
1
a^2\left[1-\cfrac{b^2}{(b^2-a^2)^2}\right]+\cfrac{b^4}{(b^2-a^2)^2}=1
a2[1−(b2−a2)2b2]+(b2−a2)2b4=1,从而
a
2
b
2
−
a
4
−
b
2
=
0
a^2b^2-a^4-b^2=0
a2b2−a4−b2=0(
b
2
−
a
2
=
0
b^2-a^2=0
b2−a2=0舍去)。
为了求出
a
,
b
a,b
a,b的值,使与之对应的椭圆面积
π
a
b
\pi ab
πab达到最小值,考察条件极值问题
{
min
{
a
b
}
,
a
2
b
2
−
a
4
−
b
2
=
0.
\begin{cases} \min\{ab\},\\ a^2b^2-a^4-b^2=0. \end{cases}
{min{ab},a2b2−a4−b2=0.
构造拉格朗日函数
H
(
a
,
b
,
η
)
=
a
b
+
η
(
a
2
b
2
−
a
4
−
b
2
)
H(a,b,\eta)=ab+\eta(a^2b^2-a^4-b^2)
H(a,b,η)=ab+η(a2b2−a4−b2)。令
{
H
a
′
=
b
+
2
a
b
2
η
−
4
a
3
η
=
0
,
(
4
)
H
b
′
=
a
+
2
a
2
b
η
−
2
b
η
=
0
,
(
5
)
H
η
′
=
a
2
b
2
−
a
4
−
b
2
,
(
6
)
\begin{cases} H'_a=b+2ab^2\eta-4a^3\eta=0,&\qquad(4)\\ H'_b=a+2a^2b\eta-2b\eta=0,&\qquad(5)\\ H'_\eta=a^2b^2-a^4-b^2,&\qquad(6)\\ \end{cases}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧Ha′=b+2ab2η−4a3η=0,Hb′=a+2a2bη−2bη=0,Hη′=a2b2−a4−b2,(4)(5)(6)
由
(
4
)
,
(
5
)
(4),(5)
(4),(5)得
b
4
a
3
−
2
a
b
2
=
a
2
b
−
2
a
2
b
\cfrac{b}{4a^3-2ab^2}=\cfrac{a}{2b-2a^2b}
4a3−2ab2b=2b−2a2ba,从而
b
2
=
2
a
4
b^2=2a^4
b2=2a4。将此式代入
a
2
b
2
−
a
4
−
b
2
=
0
a^2b^2-a^4-b^2=0
a2b2−a4−b2=0,得到
2
a
6
−
3
a
4
=
0
2a^6-3a^4=0
2a6−3a4=0,于是
a
2
=
3
2
,
a
=
6
2
,
b
=
3
2
2
a^2=\cfrac{3}{2},a=\cfrac{\sqrt{6}}{2},b=\cfrac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}
a2=23,a=26,b=232,此时椭圆面积
A
1
=
π
a
b
=
3
3
π
2
A_1=\pi ab=\cfrac{3\sqrt{3}\pi}{2}
A1=πab=233π。
若
x
=
0
x=0
x=0,则由
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
=
1
\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{b^2}=1
a2x2+b2y2=1解得
y
=
b
y=b
y=b。将
x
=
0
,
y
=
b
x=0,y=b
x=0,y=b代入
x
2
+
(
y
−
1
)
2
=
1
x^2+(y-1)^2=1
x2+(y−1)2=1,于是
b
=
2
b=2
b=2。
椭圆
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
4
=
1
\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{4}=1
a2x2+4y2=1在
(
0
,
2
)
(0,2)
(0,2)有水平切线,并且曲率和圆
x
2
+
(
y
−
1
)
2
=
1
x^2+(y-1)^2=1
x2+(y−1)2=1的曲率相同,所以
y
′
(
0
)
=
0
,
y
′
′
(
0
)
=
−
1
y'(0)=0,y''(0)=-1
y′(0)=0,y′′(0)=−1。
但是,由方程
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
4
=
1
\cfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\cfrac{y^2}{4}=1
a2x2+4y2=1可以计算在该点的
y
′
(
0
)
=
0
,
y
′
′
(
0
)
=
−
2
a
2
y'(0)=0,y''(0)=-\cfrac{2}{a^2}
y′(0)=0,y′′(0)=−a22,所以
2
a
2
=
1
\cfrac{2}{a^2}=1
a22=1,即
a
=
2
a=\sqrt{2}
a=2。此时,椭圆的面积
A
2
=
2
2
>
3
3
π
2
=
A
1
A_2=2\sqrt{2}>\cfrac{3\sqrt{3}\pi}{2}=A_1
A2=22>233π=A1。
综上所述,当
a
=
6
2
,
b
=
3
2
2
a=\cfrac{\sqrt{6}}{2},b=\cfrac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}
a=26,b=232时,椭圆面积最小。(这道题主要利用了拉格朗日函数求解)
C C C组
3.设函数 f ( x , y ) f(x,y) f(x,y)及它的二阶偏导数在全平面连续,且 f ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 , ∣ ∂ f ∂ x ∣ ⩽ 2 ∣ x − y ∣ , ∣ ∂ f ∂ y ∣ ⩽ 2 ∣ x − y ∣ f(0,0)=0,\left|\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right|\leqslant2|x-y|,\left|\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right|\leqslant2|x-y| f(0,0)=0,∣∣∣∣∣∂x∂f∣∣∣∣∣⩽2∣x−y∣,∣∣∣∣∣∂y∂f∣∣∣∣∣⩽2∣x−y∣。求证: ∣ f ( 5 , 4 ) ∣ ⩽ 1 |f(5,4)|\leqslant1 ∣f(5,4)∣⩽1。
解 因
d
[
f
(
x
,
y
)
]
=
∂
f
∂
x
d
x
+
∂
f
∂
y
d
y
\mathrm{d}[f(x,y)]=\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\mathrm{d}y
d[f(x,y)]=∂x∂fdx+∂y∂fdy,因此曲线积分
∫
L
∂
f
∂
x
d
x
+
∂
f
∂
y
d
y
\displaystyle\int_L\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\mathrm{d}y
∫L∂x∂fdx+∂y∂fdy与路径无关。
设
O
(
0
,
0
)
,
A
(
4
,
4
)
,
B
(
5
,
4
)
O(0,0),A(4,4),B(5,4)
O(0,0),A(4,4),B(5,4),由条件
∣
∂
f
∂
x
∣
⩽
2
∣
x
−
y
∣
,
∣
∂
f
∂
y
∣
⩽
2
∣
x
−
y
∣
\left|\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right|\leqslant2|x-y|,\left|\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right|\leqslant2|x-y|
∣∣∣∣∣∂x∂f∣∣∣∣∣⩽2∣x−y∣,∣∣∣∣∣∂y∂f∣∣∣∣∣⩽2∣x−y∣,知在直线
O
A
:
y
=
x
OA:y=x
OA:y=x上,
∂
f
∂
x
=
∂
f
∂
y
=
0
\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}=\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}=0
∂x∂f=∂y∂f=0,所以
f
(
5
,
4
)
−
f
(
0
,
0
)
=
∫
(
0
,
0
)
(
5
,
4
)
d
[
f
(
x
,
y
)
]
=
∫
(
0
,
0
)
(
5
,
4
)
∂
f
∂
x
d
x
+
∂
f
∂
y
d
y
=
∫
O
A
‾
∂
f
∂
x
d
x
+
∂
f
∂
y
d
y
+
∫
A
B
‾
∂
f
∂
x
d
x
+
∂
f
∂
y
d
y
=
∫
4
5
∂
f
(
x
,
4
)
∂
x
d
x
.
\begin{aligned} f(5,4)-f(0,0)&=\displaystyle\int^{(5,4)}_{(0,0)}\mathrm{d}[f(x,y)]=\displaystyle\int^{(5,4)}_{(0,0)}\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\mathrm{d}y\\ &=\displaystyle\int_{\overline{OA}}\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\mathrm{d}y+\displaystyle\int_{\overline{AB}}\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\mathrm{d}y=\displaystyle\int^5_4\cfrac{\partial f(x,4)}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x. \end{aligned}
f(5,4)−f(0,0)=∫(0,0)(5,4)d[f(x,y)]=∫(0,0)(5,4)∂x∂fdx+∂y∂fdy=∫OA∂x∂fdx+∂y∂fdy+∫AB∂x∂fdx+∂y∂fdy=∫45∂x∂f(x,4)dx.
又因
f
(
0
,
0
)
=
0
f(0,0)=0
f(0,0)=0,故
∣
f
(
5
,
4
)
∣
=
∣
∫
4
5
∂
f
(
x
,
4
)
∂
x
d
x
∣
⩽
∫
4
5
2
∣
x
−
4
∣
d
x
=
1
|f(5,4)|=\left|\displaystyle\int^5_4\cfrac{\partial f(x,4)}{\partial x}\mathrm{d}x\right|\leqslant\displaystyle\int^5_42|x-4|\mathrm{d}x=1
∣f(5,4)∣=∣∣∣∣∣∫45∂x∂f(x,4)dx∣∣∣∣∣⩽∫452∣x−4∣dx=1。(这道题主要利用了第二型曲线积分求解)
5.设 u ( x , y ) u(x,y) u(x,y)具有二阶连续偏导数,证明无零值的函数 u ( x , y ) u(x,y) u(x,y)可分离变量(即 u ( x , y ) = f ( x ) g ( y ) u(x,y)=f(x)g(y) u(x,y)=f(x)g(y))的充分必要条件是 u ∂ 2 u ∂ x ∂ y = ∂ u ∂ x ∂ u ∂ y u\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}=\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} u∂x∂y∂2u=∂x∂u∂y∂u。
解 必要性:设
u
(
x
,
y
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
y
)
u(x,y)=f(x)g(y)
u(x,y)=f(x)g(y),则
∂
u
∂
x
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
y
)
,
∂
u
∂
y
=
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
y
)
,
∂
2
u
∂
x
∂
y
=
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
y
)
\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}=f'(x)g(y),\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}=f(x)g'(y),\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}=f'(x)g'(y)
∂x∂u=f′(x)g(y),∂y∂u=f(x)g′(y),∂x∂y∂2u=f′(x)g′(y),因此
u
∂
2
u
∂
x
∂
y
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
y
)
f
′
(
x
)
g
′
(
y
)
=
∂
u
∂
x
∂
u
∂
y
u\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}=f(x)g(y)f'(x)g'(y)=\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}
u∂x∂y∂2u=f(x)g(y)f′(x)g′(y)=∂x∂u∂y∂u。
充分性:因为
∂
2
u
∂
x
∂
y
=
∂
∂
y
(
∂
u
∂
x
)
\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}=\cfrac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)
∂x∂y∂2u=∂y∂(∂x∂u),所以有
u
(
u
x
′
)
y
′
−
(
u
x
′
)
(
u
y
′
)
=
0
u(u'_x)'_y-(u'_x)(u'_y)=0
u(ux′)y′−(ux′)(uy′)=0,又
u
(
x
,
y
)
u(x,y)
u(x,y)无零值,故可得
(
u
x
′
u
)
y
′
=
0
\left(\cfrac{u'_x}{u}\right)'_y=0
(uux′)y′=0,两边关于
y
y
y积分得
u
x
′
u
=
c
1
(
x
)
\cfrac{u'_x}{u}=c_1(x)
uux′=c1(x),其中
c
1
(
x
)
c_1(x)
c1(x)是
x
x
x的任意可微函数,即有
(
ln
∣
u
∣
)
x
′
=
c
1
(
x
)
(\ln|u|)'_x=c_1(x)
(ln∣u∣)x′=c1(x),再对
x
x
x积分得
ln
∣
u
∣
=
∫
c
1
(
x
)
d
x
+
c
2
(
y
)
\ln|u|=\displaystyle\int c_1(x)\mathrm{d}x+c_2(y)
ln∣u∣=∫c1(x)dx+c2(y),其中
c
2
(
y
)
c_2(y)
c2(y)是
y
y
y的任意可微函数。故
u
(
x
,
y
)
=
±
e
∫
c
1
(
x
)
d
x
e
c
2
(
y
)
=
f
(
x
)
g
(
y
)
u(x,y)=\pm e^{\int c_1(x)\mathrm{d}x}e^{c_2(y)}=f(x)g(y)
u(x,y)=±e∫c1(x)dxec2(y)=f(x)g(y)。(这道题主要利用了方程求导求解)
写在最后
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