数学分析(十七)-多元函数微分学4-泰勒公式与极值问题3：泰勒定理【二元函数f在点P₀(x₀,y₀)的泰勒展开式】

定理17.8 (中值定理)

设二元函数 $f$ 在凸开域 $D\subset {\mathbf{R}}^2$上可微, 则对任意两点 $P(a,b),Q(a+h,b+k)\in D$, 存在实数 $\theta (0<\theta <1)$, 使得

$$\begin{array}{rl}& f(a+h,b+k)-f(a,b)\\ =& f_x(a+\theta h,b+\theta k)h+f_y(a+\theta h,b+\theta k)k.(8)\end{array}$$

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定理 17.9 (泰勒定理)

若函数 $f$ 在点 $P_0\left(x_0,y_0\right)$的某邻域 $U\left(P_0\right)$ 上有直到 $n+1$ 阶的连续偏导数, 则对 $U\left(P_0\right)$ 上任一点 $\left(x_0+h,y_0+k\right)$, 存在相应的 $\theta \in (0,1)$, 使得

$$\begin{array}{rl}f\left(x_0+h,y_0+k\right)& =f\left(x_0,y_0\right)\\ & +\left(h\frac{\partial }{\partial x}+k\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right)f\left(x_0,y_0\right)\\ & +\frac{1}{2!}{\left(h\frac{\partial }{\partial x}+k\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right)}^{2}f\left(x_0,y_0\right)\\ & +\cdots (11)\\ & +\frac{1}{n!}{\left(h\frac{\partial }{\partial x}+k\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right)}^{n}f\left(x_0,y_0\right)\\ & +\frac{1}{(n+1)!}{\left(h\frac{\partial }{\partial x}+k\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right)}^{n+1}f\left(x_0+\theta h,y_0+\theta k\right)\end{array}$$

(11) 式称为二元函数 $f$ 在点 $P_0$ 的 $n$ 阶泰勒公式, 其中

$${\left(h\frac{\partial }{\partial x}+k\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\right)}^{m}f\left(x_0,y_0\right)=\sum _{i=0}^m{\mathrm{C}}_m^i\frac{{\partial }^m}{\partial x^i\partial y^{m-i}}f\left(x_0,y_0\right)h^i{k}^{m-i}.$$

• 一阶泰勒展开式：
  f ( x , y ) ≈ f ( x 0 , y 0 ) + ∂ f ∂ x ∣ ( x 0 , y 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) + ∂ f ∂ y ∣ ( x 0 , y 0 ) ( y − y 0 ) f(x, y) \approx f(x_0, y_0) + \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\bigg|_{(x_0,y_0)}(x-x_0) + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\bigg|_{(x_0,y_0)}(y-y_0) f(x,y)≈f(x0​,y0​)+∂x∂f​ ​(x0​,y0​)​(x−x0​)+∂y∂f​ ​(x0​,y0​)​(y−y