et al和etc区别

“et al”的意思是等,解释是等人/以及其他(andothers)或等地点(elsewhere)。

“etc”的常用词也是等,意思是事物等(and other things or and so forth)。

“et al.” 是学术上常用的拉丁文 et alia 的缩写,意思是“以及其他”,常用于省略提及所有人或物的时候,与“etc”意思相近。

两者区别可以总结为:人的场合用et al,而无生命的场合用etc.。et后不要加“.”,因为et不是缩写。另外,与etc.不同,et al.的前面不要逗号。

例如:These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al。

翻译:这些结果与Pelon等人发表的结果一致。

There are lots of things to buy — tea, sugar, bread, etc.
有许多东西要买:茶叶、糖、面包等.

参考资料

etal和et al区别

The LULC simulation data we utilized to create future EN maps was produced by X. Liu et al. (2017), which was conducted at the national level. The reason we apply national-level simulated data to a local area is as follows. Firstly, China has a top-down land use planning system (also known as spatial planning) with five levels. The quantitative objectives in national plans are handed down to county-level plans through provincial and prefectural level plans (Zhong et al., 2014). That means land use patterns of nine cities in WUA are required to reflect relevant upper-level plans, for example, to satisfy the land use quota made by Hubei provincial plans and the national plans. Secondly, there are interdependencies across places so what happens in one region produces effects not only on this location but on other regions (Overman et al., 2010). And the increase of construction land in one place will shift protection pressure on natural ecosystems elsewhere for a sustainable goal. The land use simulation at the national level allocated land resources from a top-down perspective and links land use changes in a region to events taking place in other locations through global simulation. However, the Kappa coefficient of the simulated data in WUA is 0.55 and the overall accuracy is 0.71, which is lower than the statistic value at the national-level data. Although the Kappa between 0.4~0.6 is moderate and at an acceptable level (Appiah et al., 2015; Ding et al., 2013; Ku, 2016), the simulated accuracy of the land use data needs to be improved. Future work on exploring the impact of LULC dynamics on EN will develop based on the high-accuracy simulated data and updating the initial simulated time to 2020, by integrating the impacts of socioeconomic factors, climate change, regional planning, land use policy, etc.
02-22
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