目录
- A A A组
- 7.设
0
⩽
u
n
⩽
1
n
0\leqslant u_n\leqslant\cfrac{1}{n}
0⩽un⩽n1,则下列级数一定收敛的是( )。
( A ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ u n ; (A)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty u_n; (A)n=1∑∞un;
( B ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n u n ; (B)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^nu_n; (B)n=1∑∞(−1)nun;
( C ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ u n ; (C)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\sqrt{u_n}; (C)n=1∑∞un;
( D ) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n u n 2 . (D)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^nu_n^2. (D)n=1∑∞(−1)nun2. - 20.判别下列正项级数的敛散性。
- 21.设级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n n=1∑∞an条件收敛,判别级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n a n ( x − 1 ) n \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_n(x-1)^n n=1∑∞nan(x−1)n在点 x 1 = 3 , x 2 = 3 x_1=\sqrt{3},x_2=3 x1=3,x2=3处的收敛性。
- 7.设
0
⩽
u
n
⩽
1
n
0\leqslant u_n\leqslant\cfrac{1}{n}
0⩽un⩽n1,则下列级数一定收敛的是( )。
- B B B组
- C C C组
- 6.设函数 f n ( x ) = ∫ 0 x t ( 1 − t ) sin 2 n t d t ( x > 0 ) f_n(x)=\displaystyle\int^x_0t(1-t)\sin^{2n}t\mathrm{d}t(x>0) fn(x)=∫0xt(1−t)sin2ntdt(x>0),其中 n n n为正整数。
- 7.
- (1)设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)为任意阶可导函数,且 f ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n x n f(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_nx^n f(x)=n=1∑∞anxn,若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)为奇函数,证明 f ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ a 2 n − 1 x 2 n − 1 f(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_{2n-1}x^{2n-1} f(x)=n=1∑∞a2n−1x2n−1;
- (2)将函数 f ( x ) = ∫ 0 x e x 2 − t 2 d t f(x)=\displaystyle\int^x_0e^{x^2-t^2}\mathrm{d}t f(x)=∫0xex2−t2dt展开为 x x x的幂级数。
- 9.设 x > 2 x>2 x>2,证明 ln x + 2 x − 2 = ln ( x + 1 x − 1 ) 2 + 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n − 1 ( 2 x 3 − 3 x ) 2 n − 1 \ln\cfrac{x+2}{x-2}=\ln\left(\cfrac{x+1}{x-1}\right)^2+2\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{2n-1}\left(\cfrac{2}{x^3-3x}\right)^{2n-1} lnx−2x+2=ln(x−1x+1)2+2n=1∑∞2n−11(x3−3x2)2n−1。
- 10.设 b n > 0 b_n>0 bn>0,当 n ⩾ 2 n\geqslant2 n⩾2时, b n = b n − 1 + ( n − 1 ) b n − 2 , b 0 = b 1 = 1 b_n=b_{n-1}+(n-1)b_{n-2},b_0=b_1=1 bn=bn−1+(n−1)bn−2,b0=b1=1且 b n b n − 1 \cfrac{b_n}{b_{n-1}} bn−1bn有界,求 ∑ n = 1 ∞ b n x n n ! \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty b_n\cfrac{x^n}{n!} n=1∑∞bnn!xn的和函数。
- 写在最后
A A A组
7.设
0
⩽
u
n
⩽
1
n
0\leqslant u_n\leqslant\cfrac{1}{n}
0⩽un⩽n1,则下列级数一定收敛的是( )。
(
A
)
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
;
(A)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty u_n;
(A)n=1∑∞un;
(
B
)
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
u
n
;
(B)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^nu_n;
(B)n=1∑∞(−1)nun;
(
C
)
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
;
(C)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\sqrt{u_n};
(C)n=1∑∞un;
(
D
)
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
u
n
2
.
(D)\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^nu_n^2.
(D)n=1∑∞(−1)nun2.
解 如
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{n}
n=1∑∞n1,
(
A
)
,
(
C
)
(A),(C)
(A),(C)错误。
如
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
2
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{(-1)^n+1}{2n}
n=1∑∞2n(−1)n+1,
(
B
)
(B)
(B)错误。
因
0
⩽
u
n
⩽
1
n
0\leqslant u_n\leqslant\cfrac{1}{n}
0⩽un⩽n1,有
u
n
2
⩽
1
n
2
u_n^2\leqslant\cfrac{1}{n^2}
un2⩽n21,而
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
2
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{n^2}
n=1∑∞n21收敛,由正项级数的比较判别法知,
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
2
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty u_n^2
n=1∑∞un2收敛,故
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
u
n
2
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^nu_n^2
n=1∑∞(−1)nun2绝对收敛,从而收敛,故选
(
D
)
(D)
(D)。(这道题主要利用了反例求解)
20.判别下列正项级数的敛散性。
(3) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( n + 1 3 − n 3 ) . \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(\sqrt[3]{n+1}-\sqrt[3]{n}). n=1∑∞(3n+1−3n).
解
n
+
1
3
−
n
3
=
1
(
n
+
1
)
2
3
+
n
(
n
+
1
)
3
+
n
2
3
⩾
1
3
(
n
+
1
)
2
3
\sqrt[3]{n+1}-\sqrt[3]{n}=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt[3]{(n+1)^2}+\sqrt[3]{n(n+1)}+\sqrt[3]{n^2}}\geqslant\cfrac{1}{3\sqrt[3]{(n+1)^2}}
3n+1−3n=3(n+1)2+3n(n+1)+3n21⩾33(n+1)21
又
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
(
n
+
1
)
2
3
=
∑
n
=
2
∞
1
n
2
3
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{(n+1)^{\frac{2}{3}}}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=2}^\infty\cfrac{1}{n^{\frac{2}{3}}}
n=1∑∞(n+1)321=n=2∑∞n321发散,由比较判别法知,
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
n
+
1
3
−
n
3
)
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(\sqrt[3]{n+1}-\sqrt[3]{n})
n=1∑∞(3n+1−3n)发散。(这道题主要利用了分子有理化求解)
21.设级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n n=1∑∞an条件收敛,判别级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n a n ( x − 1 ) n \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_n(x-1)^n n=1∑∞nan(x−1)n在点 x 1 = 3 , x 2 = 3 x_1=\sqrt{3},x_2=3 x1=3,x2=3处的收敛性。
解 由题设条件
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n
n=1∑∞an收敛,可知
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
x
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_nx^n
n=1∑∞anxn的收敛半径
R
=
1
R=1
R=1。若
R
<
1
R<1
R<1,则
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
x
n
∣
x
=
1
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_nx^n\biggm\vert_{x=1}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n
n=1∑∞anxn∣∣∣∣x=1=n=1∑∞an发散,与已知矛盾;若
R
>
1
R>1
R>1,则
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
x
n
∣
x
=
1
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_nx^n\biggm\vert_{x=1}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n
n=1∑∞anxn∣∣∣∣x=1=n=1∑∞an绝对收敛,与已知矛盾。
由于
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
a
n
x
n
=
x
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
a
n
x
x
−
1
=
x
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
a
n
x
n
)
′
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_nx^n=x\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_nx^{x-1}=x\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(a_nx^n)'
n=1∑∞nanxn=xn=1∑∞nanxx−1=xn=1∑∞(anxn)′的收敛半径与
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
x
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_nx^n
n=1∑∞anxn收敛半径相同,即
R
=
1
R=1
R=1,收敛区间为
(
−
1
,
1
)
(-1,1)
(−1,1)。
当
x
1
=
3
x_1=\sqrt{3}
x1=3时,考察
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
a
n
(
x
−
1
)
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_n(x-1)^n
n=1∑∞nan(x−1)n,由于
∣
3
−
1
∣
<
1
|\sqrt3-1|<1
∣3−1∣<1,因此
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
a
n
(
x
−
1
)
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_n(x-1)^n
n=1∑∞nan(x−1)n在
x
1
=
3
x_1=\sqrt{3}
x1=3处绝对收敛;
当
x
2
=
3
x_2=3
x2=3时,考察
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
a
n
(
x
−
1
)
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_n(x-1)^n
n=1∑∞nan(x−1)n,由于
∣
3
−
1
∣
>
1
|3-1|>1
∣3−1∣>1,因此
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
a
n
(
x
−
1
)
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty na_n(x-1)^n
n=1∑∞nan(x−1)n在
x
2
=
3
x_2=3
x2=3处发散。(这道题主要利用了分类讨论求解)
B B B组
2.下列命题正确的是( )。
(
A
)
(A)
(A)若
u
n
<
v
n
(
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
⋯
)
u_n<v_n(n=1,2,3,\cdots)
un<vn(n=1,2,3,⋯),则
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
⩽
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty u_n\leqslant\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty v_n
n=1∑∞un⩽n=1∑∞vn;
(
B
)
(B)
(B)若
u
n
<
v
n
(
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
⋯
)
u_n<v_n(n=1,2,3,\cdots)
un<vn(n=1,2,3,⋯),
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty v_n
n=1∑∞vn收敛,则
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty u_n
n=1∑∞un收敛;
(
C
)
(C)
(C)若
lim
n
→
∞
u
n
v
n
=
1
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{u_n}{v_n}=1
n→∞limvnun=1,
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty v_n
n=1∑∞vn收敛,则
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty u_n
n=1∑∞un收敛;
(
D
)
(D)
(D)若
w
n
<
u
n
<
v
n
(
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
⋯
)
w_n<u_n<v_n(n=1,2,3,\cdots)
wn<un<vn(n=1,2,3,⋯),
∑
n
=
1
∞
w
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty w_n
n=1∑∞wn与
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty v_n
n=1∑∞vn收敛,则
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty u_n
n=1∑∞un收敛。
解 因为只有当级数收敛时,才能比较其和的大小,故
(
A
)
(A)
(A)错误。
若取级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
n
)
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\left(-\cfrac{1}{n}\right)
n=1∑∞(−n1)与
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
2
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{n^2}
n=1∑∞n21,可见
(
B
)
(B)
(B)错误。
若取级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{(-1)^n}{\sqrt{n}}
n=1∑∞n(−1)n与
∑
n
=
1
∞
[
(
−
1
)
n
n
+
1
n
]
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\left[\cfrac{(-1)^n}{\sqrt{n}}+\cfrac{1}{n}\right]
n=1∑∞[n(−1)n+n1],可见
(
C
)
(C)
(C)错误。
故选
(
D
)
(D)
(D)。(这道题主要利用了反例求解)
C C C组
6.设函数 f n ( x ) = ∫ 0 x t ( 1 − t ) sin 2 n t d t ( x > 0 ) f_n(x)=\displaystyle\int^x_0t(1-t)\sin^{2n}t\mathrm{d}t(x>0) fn(x)=∫0xt(1−t)sin2ntdt(x>0),其中 n n n为正整数。
(1)证明 f n ( x ) f_n(x) fn(x)在区间 ( 0 , + ∞ ) (0,+\infty) (0,+∞)上存在最大值;
解 由 f n ′ ( x ) = x ( 1 − x ) sin 2 n x = 0 f'_n(x)=x(1-x)\sin^{2n}x=0 fn′(x)=x(1−x)sin2nx=0,解得函数 f n ( x ) f_n(x) fn(x)在 ( 0 , + ∞ ) (0,+\infty) (0,+∞)内的所有驻点为 x 0 = 1 x_0=1 x0=1及 x k = k π , k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ x_k=k\pi,k=1,2,\cdots xk=kπ,k=1,2,⋯。易知, x 0 = 1 x_0=1 x0=1是 f n ( x ) f_n(x) fn(x)在 ( 0 , + ∞ ) (0,+\infty) (0,+∞)上的唯一极值点且为极大值点,所以 f n ( 1 ) f_n(1) fn(1)是 f n ( x ) f_n(x) fn(x)在 ( 0 , + ∞ ) (0,+\infty) (0,+∞)上的最大值。
(2)记 a n a_n an为函数 f n ( x ) f_n(x) fn(x)在 ( 0 , + ∞ ) (0,+\infty) (0,+∞)上的最大值 ( n ⩾ 1 ) (n\geqslant1) (n⩾1),证明级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n n=1∑∞an收敛。
解 因为 a n = f n ( 1 ) = ∫ 0 1 t ( 1 − t ) sin 2 n t d t ( n ⩾ 1 ) a_n=f_n(1)=\displaystyle\int^1_0t(1-t)\sin^{2n}t\mathrm{d}t(n\geqslant1) an=fn(1)=∫01t(1−t)sin2ntdt(n⩾1),且当 0 ⩽ t ⩽ π 2 0\leqslant t\leqslant\cfrac{\pi}{2} 0⩽t⩽2π时有 sin t ⩽ t \sin t\leqslant t sint⩽t,所以 0 ⩽ a n ⩽ ∫ 0 1 t ( 1 − t ) t 2 n d t = ∫ 0 1 t 2 n + 1 d t − ∫ 0 1 t 2 n + 2 d t = 1 2 n + 2 − 1 2 n + 3 ⩽ 1 n 2 0\leqslant a_n\leqslant\displaystyle\int^1_0t(1-t)t^{2n}\mathrm{d}t=\displaystyle\int^1_0t^{2n+1}\mathrm{d}t-\displaystyle\int^1_0t^{2n+2}\mathrm{d}t=\cfrac{1}{2n+2}-\cfrac{1}{2n+3}\leqslant\cfrac{1}{n^2} 0⩽an⩽∫01t(1−t)t2ndt=∫01t2n+1dt−∫01t2n+2dt=2n+21−2n+31⩽n21。利用比较判别法,由 ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n 2 \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{n^2} n=1∑∞n21收敛可知,级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n n=1∑∞an收敛。(这道题主要利用了放缩法求解)
7.
(1)设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)为任意阶可导函数,且 f ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n x n f(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_nx^n f(x)=n=1∑∞anxn,若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)为奇函数,证明 f ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ a 2 n − 1 x 2 n − 1 f(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_{2n-1}x^{2n-1} f(x)=n=1∑∞a2n−1x2n−1;
解 由
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)为奇函数,即
f
(
x
)
=
−
f
(
−
x
)
f(x)=-f(-x)
f(x)=−f(−x),于是有
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
x
n
=
−
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
n
(
−
x
)
n
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
a
n
x
n
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_nx^n=-\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n(-x)^n=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(-1)^{n+1}a_nx^n
n=1∑∞anxn=−n=1∑∞an(−x)n=n=1∑∞(−1)n+1anxn,比较两端
x
x
x同次项系数,得
a
n
=
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
a
n
a_n=(-1)^{n+1}a_n
an=(−1)n+1an。
当
n
=
2
k
n=2k
n=2k为偶数时,
a
2
k
=
−
a
2
k
a_{2k}=-a_{2k}
a2k=−a2k,则
a
2
k
=
0
,
k
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
a_{2k}=0,k=0,1,2,\cdots
a2k=0,k=0,1,2,⋯;
当
n
=
2
k
−
1
n=2k-1
n=2k−1为奇数时,
a
2
k
−
1
=
a
2
k
−
1
,
k
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
a_{2k-1}=a_{2k-1},k=1,2,\cdots
a2k−1=a2k−1,k=1,2,⋯。
综上可知,
f
(
x
)
=
∑
k
=
1
∞
a
2
k
−
1
x
2
k
−
1
f(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^\infty a_{2k-1}x^{2k-1}
f(x)=k=1∑∞a2k−1x2k−1,亦可写成
f
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
2
n
−
1
x
2
n
−
1
f(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_{2n-1}x^{2n-1}
f(x)=n=1∑∞a2n−1x2n−1。
(2)将函数 f ( x ) = ∫ 0 x e x 2 − t 2 d t f(x)=\displaystyle\int^x_0e^{x^2-t^2}\mathrm{d}t f(x)=∫0xex2−t2dt展开为 x x x的幂级数。
解
f
(
x
)
=
e
x
2
⋅
∫
0
x
e
−
t
2
d
t
f(x)=e^{x^2}\cdot\displaystyle\int^x_0e^{-t^2}\mathrm{d}t
f(x)=ex2⋅∫0xe−t2dt为奇函数,由
(
1
)
(1)
(1),设
f
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
a
2
n
−
1
x
2
n
−
1
f(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_{2n-1}x^{2n-1}
f(x)=n=1∑∞a2n−1x2n−1。
对求导
f
(
x
)
=
∫
0
x
e
x
2
−
t
2
d
t
f(x)=\displaystyle\int^x_0e^{x^2-t^2}\mathrm{d}t
f(x)=∫0xex2−t2dt,得
f
′
(
x
)
=
2
x
f
(
x
)
+
1
f'(x)=2xf(x)+1
f′(x)=2xf(x)+1,即
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
2
n
−
1
)
a
2
n
−
1
x
2
n
−
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
a
2
n
−
1
x
2
n
+
1
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(2n-1)a_{2n-1}x^{2n-2}=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty2a_{2n-1}x^{2n}+1
n=1∑∞(2n−1)a2n−1x2n−2=n=1∑∞2a2n−1x2n+1,也即
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
2
n
+
1
)
a
2
n
+
1
x
2
n
+
a
1
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
a
2
n
−
1
x
2
n
+
1
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty(2n+1)a_{2n+1}x^{2n}+a_1=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty2a_{2n-1}x^{2n}+1
n=1∑∞(2n+1)a2n+1x2n+a1=n=1∑∞2a2n−1x2n+1。
比较两端同次项系数,得
a
1
=
1
a_1=1
a1=1,于是
a
2
n
+
1
=
2
2
n
+
1
a
2
n
−
1
=
2
2
n
+
1
⋅
2
2
n
−
1
a
2
n
−
3
=
⋯
=
2
2
n
+
1
⋅
2
2
n
−
1
⋅
⋯
⋅
2
3
⋅
a
1
=
2
n
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
!
.
\begin{aligned} a_{2n+1}&=\cfrac{2}{2n+1}a_{2n-1}=\cfrac{2}{2n+1}\cdot\cfrac{2}{2n-1}a_{2n-3}=\cdots\\ &=\cfrac{2}{2n+1}\cdot\cfrac{2}{2n-1}\cdot\cdots\cdot\cfrac{2}{3}\cdot a_1=\cfrac{2^n}{(2n+1)!!}. \end{aligned}
a2n+1=2n+12a2n−1=2n+12⋅2n−12a2n−3=⋯=2n+12⋅2n−12⋅⋯⋅32⋅a1=(2n+1)!!2n.
故
f
(
x
)
=
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
n
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
!
x
2
n
+
1
,
x
∈
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
f(x)=x+\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{2^n}{(2n+1)!!}x^{2n+1},x\in(-\infty,+\infty)
f(x)=x+n=1∑∞(2n+1)!!2nx2n+1,x∈(−∞,+∞)。(这道题主要利用了微分方程求解)
9.设 x > 2 x>2 x>2,证明 ln x + 2 x − 2 = ln ( x + 1 x − 1 ) 2 + 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n − 1 ( 2 x 3 − 3 x ) 2 n − 1 \ln\cfrac{x+2}{x-2}=\ln\left(\cfrac{x+1}{x-1}\right)^2+2\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{2n-1}\left(\cfrac{2}{x^3-3x}\right)^{2n-1} lnx−2x+2=ln(x−1x+1)2+2n=1∑∞2n−11(x3−3x2)2n−1。
解 令 S ( u ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n − 1 u 2 n − 1 S(u)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{2n-1}u^{2n-1} S(u)=n=1∑∞2n−11u2n−1,于是当 ∣ u ∣ < 1 |u|<1 ∣u∣<1时,有 S ( u ) = S ( 0 ) + ∫ 0 u S ′ ( t ) d t = ∫ 0 u ( ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n − 1 t 2 n − 1 ) d t = ∫ 0 u ∑ n = 1 ∞ t 2 n − 2 d t = ∫ 0 u 1 1 − t 2 d t = 1 2 ln 1 + u 1 − u S(u)=S(0)+\displaystyle\int^u_0S'(t)\mathrm{d}t=\displaystyle\int^u_0\left(\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{2n-1}t^{2n-1}\right)\mathrm{d}t=\displaystyle\int^u_0\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty t^{2n-2}\mathrm{d}t=\displaystyle\int^u_0\cfrac{1}{1-t^2}\mathrm{d}t=\cfrac{1}{2}\ln\cfrac{1+u}{1-u} S(u)=S(0)+∫0uS′(t)dt=∫0u(n=1∑∞2n−11t2n−1)dt=∫0un=1∑∞t2n−2dt=∫0u1−t21dt=21ln1−u1+u。代入 u = 2 x 3 − 3 x u=\cfrac{2}{x^3-3x} u=x3−3x2,故 ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n − 1 ( 2 x 3 − 3 x ) 2 n − 1 = 1 2 ln ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1 ) 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 ( x − 2 ) ( x > 2 ) \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\cfrac{1}{2n-1}\left(\cfrac{2}{x^3-3x}\right)^{2n-1}=\cfrac{1}{2}\ln\cfrac{(x+2)(x-1)^2}{(x+1)^2(x-2)}(x>2) n=1∑∞2n−11(x3−3x2)2n−1=21ln(x+1)2(x−2)(x+2)(x−1)2(x>2)。(这道题主要利用了幂级数展开求解)
10.设 b n > 0 b_n>0 bn>0,当 n ⩾ 2 n\geqslant2 n⩾2时, b n = b n − 1 + ( n − 1 ) b n − 2 , b 0 = b 1 = 1 b_n=b_{n-1}+(n-1)b_{n-2},b_0=b_1=1 bn=bn−1+(n−1)bn−2,b0=b1=1且 b n b n − 1 \cfrac{b_n}{b_{n-1}} bn−1bn有界,求 ∑ n = 1 ∞ b n x n n ! \displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty b_n\cfrac{x^n}{n!} n=1∑∞bnn!xn的和函数。
解 记
a
n
=
b
n
n
!
a_n=\cfrac{b_n}{n!}
an=n!bn,则
lim
n
→
∞
∣
a
n
+
1
a
n
∣
=
lim
n
→
∞
∣
b
n
+
1
(
n
+
1
)
!
⋅
n
!
b
n
∣
=
lim
n
→
∞
∣
1
n
+
1
⋅
b
n
+
1
b
n
∣
=
0
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\left|\cfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right|=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\left|\cfrac{b_{n+1}}{(n+1)!}\cdot\cfrac{n!}{b_n}\right|=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\left|\cfrac{1}{n+1}\cdot\cfrac{b_{n+1}}{b_n}\right|=0
n→∞lim∣∣∣∣∣anan+1∣∣∣∣∣=n→∞lim∣∣∣∣∣(n+1)!bn+1⋅bnn!∣∣∣∣∣=n→∞lim∣∣∣∣∣n+11⋅bnbn+1∣∣∣∣∣=0,故收敛区间为
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
(-\infty,+\infty)
(−∞,+∞)。又记
S
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
b
n
x
n
n
!
S(x)=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty b_n\cfrac{x^n}{n!}
S(x)=n=1∑∞bnn!xn,则
S
′
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
b
n
x
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
=
b
1
+
∑
n
=
2
∞
[
b
n
−
1
+
(
n
−
1
)
b
n
−
2
]
x
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
b
n
−
1
x
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
+
∑
n
=
2
∞
b
n
−
2
x
n
−
2
(
n
−
2
)
!
⋅
x
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
b
n
x
n
n
!
+
x
⋅
∑
n
=
0
∞
b
n
x
n
n
!
\begin{aligned} S'(x)&=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty b_n\cfrac{x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}=b_1+\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=2}^\infty[b_{n-1}+(n-1)b_{n-2}]\cfrac{x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}\\ &=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty b_{n-1}\cfrac{x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}+\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=2}^\infty b_{n-2}\cfrac{x^{n-2}}{(n-2)!}\cdot x=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty b_n\cfrac{x^n}{n!}+x\cdot\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty b_n\cfrac{x^n}{n!} \end{aligned}
S′(x)=n=1∑∞bn(n−1)!xn−1=b1+n=2∑∞[bn−1+(n−1)bn−2](n−1)!xn−1=n=1∑∞bn−1(n−1)!xn−1+n=2∑∞bn−2(n−2)!xn−2⋅x=n=0∑∞bnn!xn+x⋅n=0∑∞bnn!xn
于是
S
′
(
x
)
S
(
x
)
=
1
+
x
\cfrac{S'(x)}{S(x)}=1+x
S(x)S′(x)=1+x,即
∫
1
S
(
x
)
d
[
S
(
x
)
]
=
∫
(
1
+
x
)
d
x
\displaystyle\int\cfrac{1}{S(x)}\mathrm{d}[S(x)]=\displaystyle\int(1+x)\mathrm{d}x
∫S(x)1d[S(x)]=∫(1+x)dx,得
ln
∣
S
(
x
)
∣
=
x
+
x
2
2
+
ln
C
1
\ln|S(x)|=x+\cfrac{x^2}{2}+\ln C_1
ln∣S(x)∣=x+2x2+lnC1,也即得
S
(
x
)
=
±
C
1
e
x
+
x
2
2
=
C
e
x
+
x
2
2
S(x)=\pm C_1e^{x+\frac{x^2}{2}}=Ce^{x+\frac{x^2}{2}}
S(x)=±C1ex+2x2=Cex+2x2,又
S
(
0
)
=
1
S(0)=1
S(0)=1,故
C
=
1
C=1
C=1,于是
S
(
x
)
=
e
x
+
x
2
2
,
x
∈
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
S(x)=e^{x+\frac{x^2}{2}},x\in(-\infty,+\infty)
S(x)=ex+2x2,x∈(−∞,+∞)。(这道题主要利用了微分方程求解)
写在最后
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