设 z = x + i y z=x+\mathrm{i} y z=x+iy, 则 z z z 的共轭复数为 z ˉ = x − i y \bar{z}=x-\mathrm{i} y zˉ=x−iy.
显然
∣ z ˉ ∣ = ∣ z ∣ , Arg z ˉ = − Arg z . |\bar{z}|=|z|, \quad \operatorname{Arg} \bar{z}=-\operatorname{Arg} z . ∣zˉ∣=∣z∣,Argzˉ=−Argz.
这表明在复平面上, z z z 与 z ˉ \bar{z} zˉ 两点关于实轴是对称点.
我们也容易验证下列公式:
- ( z ˉ ) ‾ = z , z 1 ± z 2 ‾ = z ˉ 1 ± z ˉ 2 \overline{(\bar{z})}=z, \overline{z_{1} \pm z_{2}}=\bar{z}_{1} \pm \bar{z}_{2} (zˉ)=z,z1±z2=zˉ1±zˉ2.
- z 1 z 2 ‾ = z ˉ 1 z ˉ 2 , ( z 1 z 2 ) ‾ = z ˉ 1 z ˉ 2 ( z 2 ≠ 0 ) \overline{z_{1} z_{2}}=\bar{z}_{1} \bar{z}_{2}, \overline{\left(\cfrac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}\right)}=\cfrac{\bar{z}_{1}}{\bar{z}_{2}} \quad\left(z_{2} \neq 0\right) z1z2=zˉ1zˉ2,(z2z1)=zˉ2zˉ1(z2=0).
- ∣ z ∣ 2 = z z ˉ , Re z = z + z ˉ 2 , Im z = z − z ˉ 2 i |z|^{2}=z \bar{z}, \operatorname{Re} z=\cfrac{z+\bar{z}}{2}, \operatorname{Im} z=\cfrac{z-\bar{z}}{2 \mathrm{i}} ∣z∣2=zzˉ,Rez=2z+zˉ,Imz=2iz−zˉ.
- 设 R ( a , b , c , ⋯ ) R(a, b, c, \cdots) R(a,b,c,⋯)<