例 3.1
令 C C C 表示连接点 a a a 及 b b b 的任一曲线, 试证
(1) ∫ C d z = b − a \int_{C} \mathrm{~d} z=b-a ∫C dz=b−a.
(2) ∫ C z d z = 1 2 ( b 2 − a 2 ) \int_{C} z \mathrm{~d} z=\cfrac{1}{2}\left(b^{2}-a^{2}\right) ∫Cz dz=21(b2−a2).
证
(1) 因 f ( z ) = 1 , S n = ∑ k = 1 n ( z k − z k − 1 ) = b − a f(z)=1, S_{n}=\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left(z_{k}-z_{k-1}\right)=b-a f(z)=1,Sn=∑k=1n(zk−zk−1)=b−a,故
lim n → ∞ max ∣ Δ z k ∣ → 0 S n = b − a , 即 ∫ C d z = b − a . \lim \limits_{\substack{n \rightarrow \infty \\ \max \left|\Delta z_{k}\right| \rightarrow 0}} S_{n}=b-a, \text { 即 } \int_{C} \mathrm{~d} z=b-a . n→∞max∣Δzk∣→0limSn=b−a, 即 ∫C dz=b−a.
(2) 因 f ( z ) = z f(z)=z f(z)=z, 选 ζ k = z k − 1 \zeta_{k}=z_{k-1} ζk=zk−1, 则得
Σ 1 = ∑ k = 1 n z k − 1 ( z k − z k − 1 ) , \Sigma_{1}=\sum_{k=1}^{n} z_{k-1}\left(z_{k}-z_{k-1}\right), Σ1=k=1∑nzk−1(zk−zk−1),
但我们又可选 ζ k = z k \zeta_{k}=z_{k} ζk=zk, 则得
Σ 2 = ∑ k = 1 n z k ( z k − z k − 1 ) , \Sigma_{2}=\sum_{k=1}^{n} z_{k}\left(z_{k}-z_{k-1}\right), Σ2=k=1∑nzk(zk−zk−1),
由定理 3.1 可知积分 ∫ C z d z \int_{C} z \mathrm{~d} z ∫Cz dz 存在, 因而 S n S_{n} Sn的极限存在, 且应与 Σ 1 \Sigma_{1} Σ1 及 Σ 2 \Sigma_{2} Σ2 的极限相等, 从而应与 1 2 ( Σ 1 + Σ 2 ) \cfrac{1}{2}\left(\Sigma_{1}+\Sigma_{2}\right) 21(Σ1+Σ2) 的极限相等. 令
1 2 ( Σ 1 + Σ 2 ) = 1 2 ∑ k = 1 n ( z k 2 − z k − 1 2 ) = 1 2 ( b 2 − a 2 ) , \cfrac{1}{2}\left(\Sigma_{1}+\Sigma_{2}\right)=\cfrac{1}{2} \sum_{k=1}^{n}\left(z_{k}^{2}-z_{k-1}^{2}\right)=\cfrac{1}{2}\left(b^{2}-a^{2}\right), 21