被积函数或辅助函数是多值解析函数的情形,一定要适当割开平面,使其能分出单值解析分支,才能应用柯西积分定理或柯西留数定理来求出给定的积分的值.
例 6.18
试计算积分
∫ 0 + ∞ ln x ( 1 + x 2 ) 2 d x . \int_{0}^{+\infty} \cfrac{\ln x}{\left(1+x^{2}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x . ∫0+∞(1+x2)2lnx dx.
解 以原点 O O O 为圆心, r r r 及 R R R 为半径, 在 x x x 轴上方画两个半圆周, r r r可充分小, R R R 可充分大. 此两个半圆周与 x x x 轴上的 A B A B AB 及
B ′ A ′ B^{\prime} A^{\prime} B′A′ 二线段构成一周线 C C C (如图 6.13).
辅助函数
f ( z ) = ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 f(z)=\cfrac{\ln z}{\left(1+z^{2}\right)^{2}} f(z)=(1+z2)2lnz
在 C C C 内部仅有一个二阶极点 z = i z=\mathrm{i} z=i, 而其支点 z = 0 z=0 z=0 及 z = ∞ z=\infty z=∞ 已不属于 C C C 的内部. 故 f ( z ) f(z) f(z) 在 C C C 所围的有界闭域上, 除 z = i z=\mathrm{i} z=i 外, 是单值解析的. 令
φ ( z ) = ( z − i ) 2 ln z ( z + i ) 2 ( z − i ) 2 = ln z ( z + i ) 2 , \varphi(z)=(z-\mathrm{i})^{2} \cfrac{\ln z}{(z+\mathrm{i})^{2}(z-\mathrm{i})^{2}}=\cfrac{\ln z}{(z+\mathrm{i})^{2}}, φ(z)=(z−i)2(z+i)2(z−i)2lnz=(z+i)2lnz,
则
φ ′ ( z ) = 1 z ⋅ 1 ( z + i ) 2 − 2 ( z + i ) 3 ln z , Res z = i f ( z ) = ( 6.5 ) φ ′ ( i ) = − 1 4 i − 2 − 8 i ⋅ π i 2 = π + 2 i 8 . \begin{array}{c} \varphi^{\prime}(z)=\cfrac{1}{z} \cdot \cfrac{1}{(z+\mathrm{i})^{2}}-\cfrac{2}{(z+\mathrm{i})^{3}} \ln z, \\ \operatorname{Res}_{z=\mathrm{i}} f(z) \stackrel{(6.5)}{=} \varphi^{\prime}(\mathrm{i})=-\cfrac{1}{4 \mathrm{i}}-\cfrac{2}{-8 \mathrm{i}} \cdot \cfrac{\pi \mathrm{i}}{2}=\cfrac{\pi+2 \mathrm{i}}{8} . \end{array} φ′(z)=z1⋅(z+i)21−(z+i)32lnz,Resz=if(z)=(6.5)φ′(i)=−4i1−−8i2⋅2πi=8π+2i.
由留数定理,
∫ B M B ′ ^ + ∫ B ′ A ′ + ∫ A N A ^ + ∫ A B = ∫ C ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 d z = 2 π i ⋅ π + 2 i 8 = − π 2 + π 2 4 i . ( 6.22 ) \begin{aligned} \int_{\widehat{B M B^{\prime}}}+\int_{B^{\prime} A^{\prime}}+\int_{\widehat{A N A}}+\int_{A B} & =\int_{C} \cfrac{\ln z}{\left(1+z^{2}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} z \\ & =2 \pi \mathrm{i} \cdot \cfrac{\pi+2 \mathrm{i}}{8}=-\cfrac{\pi}{2}+\cfrac{\pi^{2}}{4} \mathrm{i} . \quad\quad(6.22) \end{aligned} ∫BMB′ +∫B′A′+∫ANA +∫AB=∫C(1+z2)2lnz dz=2πi⋅8π+2i=−2π+4π2i.(6.22)
下面分别计算(6.22)左边各个积分:
(1) 因 lim ∣ z ∣ → + ∞ z ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 = 0 \lim \limits_{|z| \rightarrow+\infty} z \cfrac{\ln z}{\left(1+z^{2}\right)^{2}}=0 ∣z∣→+∞limz(1+z2)2lnz=0,由引理6.1 即知
lim R → + ∞ ∫ B M B ′ ^ ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 d z = 0. \lim \limits_{R \rightarrow+\infty} \int_{\widehat{B M B^{\prime}}} \cfrac{\ln z}{\left(1+z^{2}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} z=0 . R→+∞lim∫BMB′ (1+z2)2lnz dz=0.
(2) 因 lim z ∣ → 0 z ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 = 0 \lim \limits_{z \mid \rightarrow 0} z \cfrac{\ln z}{\left(1+z^{2}\right)^{2}}=0 z∣→0limz(1+z2)2lnz=0,故由引理 6.3 即知
lim → → 0 ∫ A ′ N A ^ ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 d z = 0. \lim \limits_{\rightarrow \rightarrow 0} \int_{\widehat{A^{\prime} N A}} \cfrac{\ln z}{\left(1+z^{2}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} z=0 . →→0lim∫A′NA (1+z2)2lnz dz=0.
(3) 令 A B A B AB 上的 z = x e i ⋅ 0 ( x > 0 ) z=x \mathrm{e}^{i \cdot 0}(x>0) z=xei⋅0(x>0), 则
lim R → + ∞ ∫ A B ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 d z = ∫ 0 + ∞ ln x ( 1 + x 2 ) 2 d x . \lim \limits_{R \rightarrow+\infty} \int_{A B} \cfrac{\ln z}{\left(1+z^{2}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} z=\int_{0}^{+\infty} \cfrac{\ln x}{\left(1+x^{2}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x . R→+∞lim∫AB(1+z2)2lnz dz=∫0+∞(1+x2)2lnx dx.
(4) B ′ A ′ B^{\prime} A^{\prime} B′A′ 上的 z = x e i x ( x > 0 ) z=x \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{ix}}(x>0) z=xeix(x>0),于是
ln z = ln x + i π , d z = e i π d x = − d x . \ln z=\ln x+\mathrm{i} \pi, \quad \mathrm{d} z=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \pi} \mathrm{d} x=-\mathrm{d} x . lnz=lnx+iπ,dz=eiπdx=−dx.
故
lim x → + ∞ R → + ∞ ∫ B ′ A ′ ln z ( 1 + z 2 ) 2 d z = ∫ + ∞ 0 ln x + i