85 矩阵的分块
在这一节,我们来介绍一个在处理阶数较高的矩阵时常用的方法,即矩阵的分块.有时候,
我们把一个大矩阵看成是由一些小矩阵组成的,
就如矩阵是由数组成的一样.特别在运算中,把这些小矩阵当作数一样来处理.
这就是所谓矩阵的分块.
为了说明这个方法,下面看一个例子.在矩阵
A = [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 − 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 ] = ( E 2 0 A 1 E 2 ) A=\left[\begin{array}{cc:cc} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \hdashline-1 & 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right]=\left(\begin{array}{ll} E_{2} & 0 \\ A_{1} & E_{2} \end{array}\right) A=
10−11012100100001
=(E2A10E2)
中, E 2 \boldsymbol{E}_{2} E2 表示 2 阶单位矩阵,而
A 1 = ( − 1 2 1 1 ) , O = ( 0 0 0 0 ) . \boldsymbol{A}_{1}=\left(\begin{array}{rr} -1 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{array}\right), \quad \boldsymbol{O}=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{array}\right) . A1=(−1121),O=(0000).
在矩阵
B = ( 1 0 3 2 − 1 2 0 1 1 0 4 1 − 1 − 1 2 0 ) = ( B 11 B 12 B 21 B 22 ) \boldsymbol{B}=\left(\begin{array}{rr:rr} 1 & 0 & 3 & 2 \\ -1 & 2 & 0 & 1 \\ \hdashline 1 & 0 & 4 & 1 \\ -1 & -1 & 2 & 0 \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ll} \boldsymbol{B}_{11} & \boldsymbol{B}_{12} \\ \boldsymbol{B}_{21} & \boldsymbol{B}_{22} \end{array}\right) B=
1−11−1020−130422110
=(B11B21B12B22)
中,
B 11 = ( 1 0 − 1 2 ) , B 12 = ( 3 2 0 1 ) , B 21 = ( 1 0 − 1 − 1 ) , B 22 = ( 4 1 2 0 ) . \boldsymbol{B}_{11}=\left(\begin{array}{rr} 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 \end{array}\right), \quad \boldsymbol{B}_{12}=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 3 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}\right) , \boldsymbol{B}_{21}=\left(\begin{array}{rr} 1 & 0 \\ -1 & -1 \end{array}\right) , \quad \boldsymbol{B}_{22}=\left(\begin{array}{ll} 4 & 1 \\ 2 & 0 \end{array}\right) . B11=(1−102),B12=(3021),B21=(1−10−1),B22=(4210).
在计算 A B \boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{B} AB 时,把
A , B \boldsymbol{A}, \boldsymbol{B} A,B 都看成是由这些小矩阵组成的,即按 2
阶矩阵来运算.于是
A B = ( E 2 O A 1 E 2 ) ( B 11 B 12 B 21 B 22 ) = ( B 11 B 12 A 11 B 11 + B 21 A 1 B 12 + B 22 ) , \boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{B}=\left(\begin{array}{ll} \boldsymbol{E}_{2} & \boldsymbol{O} \\ \boldsymbol{A}_{1} & \boldsymbol{E}_{2} \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ll} \boldsymbol{B}_{11} & \boldsymbol{B}_{12} \\ \boldsymbol{B}_{21} & \boldsymbol{B}_{22} \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc} \boldsymbol{B}_{11} & \boldsymbol{B}_{12} \\ \boldsymbol{A}_{11} \boldsymbol{B}_{11}+\boldsymbol{B}_{21} & \boldsymbol{A}_{1} \boldsymbol{B}_{12}+\boldsymbol{B}_{22} \end{array}\right), AB=(E2A1OE2)(B11B21B12B22)=(B11A11B11+B21B12A1B12+B22),
其中
A 1 B 11 + B 21 = ( − 1 2 1 1 ) ( 1 0 − 1 2 ) + ( 1 0 − 1 − 1 ) = ( − 3 4 0 2 ) + ( 1 0 − 1 − 1 ) = ( − 2 4 − 1 1 ) , A 1 B 12 + B 22 = ( − 1 2 1 1 ) ( 3 2 0 1 ) + ( 4 1 2 0 ) = ( − 3
高等代数(四)-矩阵05:矩阵的分块
最新推荐文章于 2024-07-24 11:54:02 发布