一、 ∫ R ( x , a x + b c x + d n ) d x \int R\left(x, \sqrt[n]{\cfrac{a x+b}{c x+d}}\right) \mathrm{d} x ∫R x,ncx+dax+b dx型不定积分 ( a d − b c ≠ 0 ) (a d-b c \neq 0) (ad−bc=0).
对此只需令 t = a x + b c x + d n t=\sqrt[n]{\cfrac{a x+b}{c x+d}} t=ncx+dax+b, 就可化为有理函数的不定积分.
例 5
求 ∫ 1 x x + 2 x − 2 d x \int \cfrac{1}{x} \sqrt{\cfrac{x+2}{x-2}} \mathrm{~d} x ∫x1x−2x+2 dx.
解
令 t = x + 2 x − 2 t=\sqrt{\cfrac{x+2}{x-2}} t=x−2x+2, 则有 x = 2 ( t 2 + 1 ) t 2 − 1 , d x = − 8 t ( t 2 − 1 ) 2 d t x=\cfrac{2\left(t^{2}+1\right)}{t^{2}-1}, \mathrm{~d} x=\cfrac{-8 t}{\left(t^{2}-1\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t x=t2−12(t2+1), dx=(t2−1)2−8t dt,
∫ 1 x x + 2 x − 2 d x = ∫ 4 t 2 ( 1 − t 2 ) ( 1 + t 2 ) d t = ∫ ( 2 1 − t 2 − 2 1 + t 2 ) d t = ln ∣ 1 + t 1 − t ∣ − 2 arctan t + C \begin{aligned} \int \cfrac{1}{x} \sqrt{\cfrac{x+2}{x-2}} \mathrm{~d} x & =\int \cfrac{4 t^{2}}{\left(1-t^{2}\right)\left(1+t^{2}\right)} \mathrm{d} t \\ & =\int\left(\cfrac{2}{1-t^{2}}-\cfrac{2}{1+t^{2}}\right) \mathrm{d} t \\ & =\ln \left|\cfrac{1+t}{1-t}\right|-2 \arctan t+C \end{aligned} ∫x1x−2x+2 dx=∫(1−t2)(1+t2)4t2dt=∫(1−t22−1+t22)dt=ln 1−t1+t −2arctant+C
= ln ∣ 1 + ( x + 2 ) / ( x − 2 ) 1 − ( x + 2 ) / ( x − 2 ) ∣ − 2 arctan x + 2 x − 2 + C . =\ln \left|\cfrac{1+\sqrt{(x+2) /(x-2)}}{1-\sqrt{(x+2) /(x-2)}}\right|-2 \arctan \sqrt{\cfrac{x+2}{x-2}}+C . =ln 1−(x+2)/(x−2)1+(x+2)/(x−2) −2arctanx−2x+2+C.
例 6
求 ∫ d x ( 1 + x ) 2 +