关系代词（如who, which, that等）之间的区别和使用场景

关系代词在英语中用于引导定语从句，帮助我们提供关于名词或代词的更多信息。常见的关系代词包括“who”、“which”和“that”。它们之间有一些区别和特定的使用场景。以下是对这些关系代词的详细分析：

1. Who

• 用法：用于指人。

• 例子：

  • The teacher who teaches math is very kind.
  • The woman who called you is my sister.

• 注意事项：

  • “who”可以用作主语或宾语。
  • 在非限制性定语从句中，通常使用“who”来提供附加信息。
  • 例子：My brother, who is a doctor, lives in New York.

2. Which

• 用法：用于指物或动物。

• 例子：

  • The book which I borrowed is fascinating.
  • The car which is parked outside belongs to my neighbor.

• 注意事项：

  • “which”通常用于非限制性定语从句中，提供附加信息。
  • 例子：The movie, which was released last year, won several awards.
  • 在限制性定语从句中也可以使用，但在口语中更常用“that”。

3. That

• 用法：可以指人、物或动物，通常用于限制性定语从句。

• 例子：

  • The book that I borrowed is fascinating.（指物）
  • The person that called you is my friend.（指人）

• 注意事项：

  • “that”不能用于非限制性定语从句。
  • 在限制性定语从句中，使用“that”比“which”更为常见，尤其是在口语中。
  • 例子：The car that is parked outside belongs to my neighbor.

4. 总结与比较

关系代词	指代对象	用法场景	例子
who	人	用于指人，作为主语或宾语	The teacher who teaches math is very kind.
which	物/动物	用于指物或动物，通常在非限制性定语从句中使用	The book, which I borrowed, is fascinating.
that	人/物/动物	用于限制性定语从句，指人或物	The book that I borrowed is fascinating.

5. 使用场景

• 选择“who”：

  • 当你需要指代人时，使用“who”。
  • 例子：The artist who painted this picture is famous.

• 选择“which”：

  • 当你需要指代物或动物，并且想要提供附加信息时，使用“which”。
  • 例子：The laptop, which I bought last year, is very fast.

• 选择“that”：

  • 当你需要指代人、物或动物，并且在限制性定语从句中时，使用“that”。
  • 例子：The dog that barked last night is my neighbor’s.

6. 注意事项

• 在口语中，“that”常常被用来替代“which”，尤其是在限制性定语从句中。
• 在正式写作中，使用“which”时通常需要逗号来分隔非限制性定语从句，而“that”则不需要。
• 在非限制性定语从句中，使用“who”或“which”更为合适，而“that”不适用。

7. 练习

请尝试将以下句子中的关系代词替换为适当的“who”、“which”或“that”：

1. The book ___ I read last month was thrilling.
2. The artist ___ painted this mural is very talented.
3. The car ___ is parked outside belongs to my friend.

示例答案

1. The book that I read last month was thrilling.
2. The artist who painted this mural is very talented.
3. The car that is parked outside belongs to my friend.

我们可以继续深入探讨关系代词的使用，提供更多的例子、练习以及一些常见的误区和注意事项。

8. 关系代词的其他用法

除了“who”、“which”和“that”，还有其他一些关系代词和相关结构可以用来引导定语从句：

• Whom：

  • 用于指代人，通常作为宾语。
  • 例子：The man whom you met yesterday is my uncle.
  • 注意：在口语中，通常用“who”代替“whom”，尤其是在非正式场合。

• Whose：

  • 用于表示所属关系，可以指人或物。
  • 例子：The girl whose bike was stolen is my friend.
  • 例子：The house whose roof is red belongs to my grandparents.

9. 常见误区

• 使用“that”与“which”：

  • 在限制性定语从句中，使用“that”更为常见，而在非限制性定语从句中，使用“which”更为合适。
  • 例子：The book that I borrowed is on the table.（限制性）
  • 例子：The book, which I borrowed last week, is on the table.（非限制性）

• “who”与“whom”的使用：

  • 在正式写作中，使用“whom”作为宾语是正确的，但在口语中，很多人会用“who”来代替。
  • 例子：The woman whom I saw at the store is my neighbor.（正式）
  • 例子：The woman who I saw at the store is my neighbor.（口语）

10. 练习

请根据上下文选择合适的关系代词（who, which, that, whom, whose）填空：

1. The teacher ___ teaches math is very strict.
2. The book ___ you lent me was fascinating.
3. The artist ___ painted this mural is very talented.
4. The car ___ I bought last year is red.
5. The boy ___ bike was stolen is my friend.
6. The movie ___ we watched last night was amazing.

示例答案

1. The teacher who teaches math is very strict.
2. The book that you lent me was fascinating.
3. The artist who painted this mural is very talented.
4. The car that I bought last year is red.
5. The boy whose bike was stolen is my friend.
6. The movie that we watched last night was amazing.

11. 进一步的练习

请尝试将以下句子合并成一个复杂句，使用适当的关系代词：

1. The woman is my aunt. She lives next door.
2. The book is on the table. I borrowed it from the library.
3. The dog is barking. It belongs to my neighbor.

示例答案

1. The woman who lives next door is my aunt.
2. The book that I borrowed from the library is on the table.
3. The dog that is barking belongs to my neighbor.

12. 总结

关系代词在英语中起着重要的作用，帮助我们连接句子并提供更多信息。理解它们的用法和区别对于提高英语写作和口语能力至关重要。通过练习和应用这些知识，您将能够更自信地使用复杂句子。