0. 调和级数定义
a , b , c a, b, c a,b,c 为调和级数中的三个连续的元素,试证明:
b + a b − a + b + c b − c = 2 \frac{b+a}{b-a}+\frac{b+c}{b-c}=2 b−ab+a+b−cb+c=2
不妨令 a = 1 x , b = 1 x + d , c = 1 x + 2 d a=\frac1{x},b=\frac1{x+d},c=\frac1{x+2d} a=x1,b=x+d1,c=x+2d1,则有:
b + a b − a + b + c b − c = 1 x + 1 x + d 1 x − 1 x + d + 1 x + d + 1 x + 2 d 1 x + d − 1 x + 2 d = 2 \frac{b+a}{b-a}+\frac{b+c}{b-c}=\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{x+d}}{\frac{1}{x}-\frac{1}{x+d}}+\frac{\frac{1}{x+d}+\frac{1}{x+2d}}{\frac{1}{x+d}-\frac{1}{x+2d}}=2 b−ab+a+b−cb+c=x1−x+d1x1+x+d1+x+d1−x+2d1x+d1+x+2d1=2
1. 发散性证明
1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + ⋯ + 1 n − 1 + 1 n ≈ log ( n ) 1+\frac12+\frac13+\cdots+\frac1{n-1}+\frac1n\approx \log(n) 1+21+31+⋯+n−11+n1≈log(n)
也算间接证明了调和级数的发散性。这里给出调和级数发散的略严格点的证明:
∑ n = 1 N 1 n = 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 + 1 6 + 1 7 + 1 8 + ⋯ = 1 + 1 2 + ( 1 3 + 1 4 ) + ( 1 5 + 1 6 + 1 7 + 1 8 ) + ( 1 9 + ⋯ + 1 16 ) + ⋯ + = 1 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + ⋯ \begin{array}{ll} \sum_{n=1}^N\frac1n&=1+\frac12+\frac13+\frac14+\frac15+\frac16+\frac17+\frac18+\cdots\\ &=1+\frac12+\left(\frac13+\frac14\right)+\left(\frac15+\frac16+\frac17+\frac18\right)+\left(\frac19+\cdots+\frac1{16}\right)+\cdots+\\ &=1+\frac12+\frac12+\frac12+\cdots \end{array} ∑n=1Nn1=1+21+31+41+51+61+71+81+⋯=1+21+(31+41)+(51+61+71+81)+(91+⋯+161)+⋯+=1+21+21+21+⋯
这样放缩似乎也不太严谨,当我再查找欧拉常数 γ \gamma γ 的相关内容时,又发现了一个证明:
lim n → ∞ ∑ k = 1 n 1 k ≥ lim n → ∞ ∑ k = 1 n ln ( 1 + 1 k ) = ln ( 1 + 1 ) + ln ( 1 + 1 2 ) + ⋯ + ln ( 1 + 1 n ) = ln ( 2 ) + ln ( 3 2 ) + ⋯ + ln ( n n − 1 ) + ln ( n + 1 n ) = ln ( 2 ⋅ 3 2 ⋯ n n − 1 n + 1 n ) = ln ( n + 1 ) \begin{array}{ll} \lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=1}^n\frac1k\geq &\lim_{n\to \infty}\sum_{k=1}^n\ln(1+\frac1k)\\ &=\ln(1+1)+\ln(1+\frac12)+\cdots+\ln(1+\frac1n)\\&=\ln(2)+\ln(\frac32)+\cdots+\ln(\frac{n}{n-1})+\ln(\frac{n+1}n)\\ &=\ln(2\cdot\frac32\cdots\frac{n}{n-1}\frac{n+1}n)\\ &=\ln(n+1) \end{array} limn→∞∑k=1nk1≥limn→∞∑k=1nln(1+k1)=ln(1+1)+ln(1+21)+⋯+ln(1+n1)=ln(2)+ln(23)+⋯+ln(n−1n)+ln(nn+1)=ln(2⋅23⋯n−1nnn+1)=ln(n+1)
x > − 1 x>-1 x>−1 时, ln ( 1 + x ) ≤ x \ln(1+x)\leq x ln(1+x)≤x,