数学分析(十七)-多元函数微分学4-泰勒公式与极值问题1：高阶偏导数【若相应阶数的混合偏导数连续，则混合偏导数与求导顺序无关】

由于 $z=f(x,y)$ 的偏导函数 $f_x(x,y),f_y(x,y)$ 仍然是自变量 $x$与 $y$ 的函数, 如果它们关于 $x$ 与 $y$ 的偏导数也存在, 则说函数 $f$具有二阶偏导数, 二元函数的二阶偏导数有如下四种情形:

$$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial x^2}=f_{xx}(x,y),\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial x\partial y}=f_{xy}(x,y),\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial y\partial x}=f_{yx}(x,y),\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial y^2}=f_y(x,y).\end{array}$$

类似地可定义更高阶的偏导数, $z=f(x,y)$ 的三阶偏导数共有八种情形, 如

$$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial x^2}\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{3}z}{\partial x^3}=f_{x^3}(x,y),\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial x^2}\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{3}z}{\partial x^2\partial y}=f_{x^{2}y}(x,y),\\ .........\end{array}$$

例 1
求函数 $z={\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}$ 的所有二阶偏导数和$\frac{{\partial }^{3}z}{\partial y\partial x^2}$.

解
由于函数的一阶偏导数是

$$\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}={\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=2{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}.$$

因此有

$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial x^2}=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left({\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y},\\ \frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial x\partial y}=\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left({\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}\right)=2{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y},\\ \frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial y\partial x}=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(2{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}\right)=2{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y},\\ \frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial y^2}=\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(2{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}\right)=4{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}\\ \frac{{\partial }^{3}z}{\partial y\partial x^2}=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial y\partial x}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(2{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}\right)=2{\mathrm{e}}^{x+2y}.\end{array}$$

例 2
求函数 $z=\arctan \frac{y}{x}$ 的所有二阶偏导数.

解
因为$\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}=\frac{-y}{x^2+y^2},\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}=\frac{x}{x^2+y^2}$, 所以二阶偏导数为

$$\begin{array}{l}\frac{{\partial }^{2}z}{\partial x^2}=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{-y}{x^2+y^2}\right)=\frac{2xy}{{\left(x^2+y^2\right)}^2},\\ \frac{{\partial }^2}{\partial x\partial y}\end{array}$$