§ 5 线性方程组有解判别定理
在有了向量和矩阵的理论准备之后,我们现在可以来分析一下线性方程组的问题,
给出线性方程组有解的判别条件.
设线性方程组为
{ a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ⋯ + a 1 n x n = b 1 a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ⋯ + a 2 n x n = b 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ a n 1 x 1 + a n 2 x 2 + ⋯ + a n n x n = b n \left\{\begin{array}{c} a_{11} x_{1}+a_{12} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{1 n} x_{n}=b_{1} \\ a_{21} x_{1}+a_{22} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{2 n} x_{n}=b_{2} \\ \cdots \cdots \cdots \cdots \\ a_{n 1} x_{1}+a_{n 2} x_{2}+\cdots+a_{n n} x_{n}=b_{n} \end{array}\right. ⎩
⎨
⎧a11x1+a12x2+⋯+a1nxn=b1a21x1+a22x2+⋯+a2nxn=b2⋯⋯⋯⋯an1x1+an2x2+⋯+annxn=bn
引人向量
α 1 = ( a 11 a 21 ⋮ a 31 ) , α 2 = ( a 12 a 22 ⋮ a 32 ) , ⋯ , α n = ( a 1 n a 2 n ⋮ a 3 n ) , β = ( b 1 b 2 ⋮ b n ) , \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}=\left(\begin{array}{c} a_{11} \\ a_{21} \\ \vdots \\ a_{31} \end{array}\right), \quad \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}=\left(\begin{array}{c} a_{12} \\ a_{22} \\ \vdots \\ a_{32} \end{array}\right), \quad \cdots, \quad \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{n}=\left(\begin{array}{c} a_{1 n} \\ a_{2 n} \\ \vdots \\ a_{3 n} \end{array}\right), \quad \boldsymbol{\beta}=\left(\begin{array}{c} b_{1} \\ b_{2} \\ \vdots \\ b_{n} \end{array}\right), α1=
a11a21⋮a31
,α2=
a12a22⋮a32
,⋯,αn=
a1na2n⋮a3n
,β=
b1b2⋮bn
,
于是线性方程组 (1) 可以改写成向量方程
x 1 α 1 + x 2 α 2 + ⋯ + x n α n = β . x_{1} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}+x_{2} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}+\cdots+x_{n} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{n}=\boldsymbol{\beta} . x1α1+x2α2+⋯+xnαn=β.
显然, 线性方程组 (1) 有解的充分必要条件为向量 β \boldsymbol{\beta} β
可以表成向量组
高等代数(三)-线性方程组05:线性方程组有解判别定理
最新推荐文章于 2024-07-14 00:28:22 发布