十六章 § 2 § 2 §2 例 3
例 3
讨论 f ( x , y ) = x y x 2 + y 2 f(x, y)=\cfrac{x y}{x^{2}+y^{2}} f(x,y)=x2+y2xy 当 ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) (x, y) \rightarrow(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0)时是否存在极限.
解
当动点 ( x , y ) (x, y) (x,y) 沿着直线 y = m x y=m x y=mx 而趋于定点 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) (0,0) 时, 由于此时 f ( x , y ) = f(x, y)= f(x,y)= f ( x , m x ) = m 1 + m 2 f(x, m x)=\cfrac{m}{1+m^{2}} f(x,mx)=1+m2m, 因而有
lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) y = m x f ( x , y ) = lim x → 0 f ( x , m x ) = m 1 + m 2 . \lim \limits_{\substack{(x, y) \rightarrow(0,0) \\ y=m x}} f(x, y)=\lim \limits_{x \rightarrow 0} f(x, m x)=\cfrac{m}{1+m^{2}} . (x,y)→(0,0)y=mxlimf(x,y)=x→0limf(x,mx)=1+m2m.
这一结果说明动点沿不同斜率 m m m 的直线趋于原点时, 对应的极限值也不同,因此所讨论的极限不存在.
例 5
考察函数
f ( x , y ) = { x y x 2 + y 2 , x 2 + y 2 ≠ 0 , 0 , x 2 + y 2 = 0 f(x, y)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \cfrac{x y}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}}}, & x^{2}+y^{2} \neq 0, \\ 0, & x^{2}+y^{2}=0 \end{array}\right. f(x,y)=⎩ ⎨ ⎧x2+y2xy,0,x2+y2=0,x2+y2=0
在原点的可微性.
解
按偏导数定义
f x ( 0 , 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( Δ x , 0 ) − f ( 0 , 0 ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 0 − 0 Δ x = 0. f_{x}(0,0)=\lim \limits_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0} \cfrac{f(\Delta x, 0)-f(0,0)}{\Delta x}=\lim \limits_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0} \cfrac{0-0}{\Delta x}=0 . fx(0,0)=Δx→0limΔxf(Δx,0)−f(0,0)=Δx→0limΔx0−0=0.
同理可得 f y ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 f_y(0,0)=0 fy(0,0)=0. 若函数 f f f 在原点可微, 则
Δ z − d z = f ( 0 + Δ x , 0 + Δ y ) − f ( 0 , 0 ) − f x ( 0 , 0 ) Δ x − f y ( 0 , 0 ) Δ y = Δ x Δ y Δ x 2 + Δ y 2 \begin{aligned} \Delta z-\mathrm{d} z & =f(0+\Delta x, 0+\Delta y)-f(0,0)-f_{x}(0,0) \Delta x-f_{y}(0,0) \Delta y \\ & =\cfrac{\Delta x \Delta y}{\sqrt{\Delta x^{2}+\Delta y^{2}}} \end{aligned}