二、cartographer-2d前后端参数解释

解释：

1-前端参数用来构建一个一个小子图（submap）
2-后端参数用来把一个一个小子图拼接成一个大地图（map），如何调整一个一个子图的相对位置关系，这里使用了位姿图的方式，建立激光与子图之间的约束来构建优化方程，解方程来实现最优化结果。

前端参数文件

trajectory_builder_2d.lua

-- Copyright 2016 The Cartographer Authors
--
-- Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-- you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-- You may obtain a copy of the License at
--
--      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
--
-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-- limitations under the License.

TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D = {
  use_imu_data = true, //是否使用imu数据
  min_range = 0., //激光的最近有效距离
  max_range = 30., //激光最远的有效距离
  min_z = -0.8, //激光高度最低有效高度
  max_z = 2., //激光最高有效高度
  missing_data_ray_length = 5., //无效激光数据设置距离为该数值
  num_accumulated_range_data = 1, //积累几帧激光数据作为一个标准单位scan
  voxel_filter_size = 0.025,  //网格滤波大小，单位为米

  adaptive_voxel_filter = { //自适应滤波
    max_length = 0.5, //最大网格大小
    min_num_points = 200, //最小点数量
    max_range = 50., //最远有效距离
  },

  loop_closure_adaptive_voxel_filter = {
    max_length = 0.9,
    min_num_points = 100,
    max_range = 50.,
  },

  use_online_correlative_scan_matching = false,
  real_time_correlative_scan_matcher = {
    linear_search_window = 0.1,
    angular_search_window = math.rad(20.),
    translation_delta_cost_weight = 1e-1,
    rotation_delta_cost_weight = 1e-1,
  },

  use_intensity_ceres_scan_matching = false,
  //occupied_space_weight是激光珊格匹配的权重，越大则越希望珊格匹配的越多，
  //translation_weight和rotation_weight参数是为了防止只有珊格匹配造成误匹配，所以增加了这2个参数
  //目的是为了只在初始位置附近进行匹配，距离初始位置过远则会受到惩罚，权重越大惩罚越大，匹配的得分会更低
  //换句话说，在距离初始距离更远的距离，获得的匹配被认可，需要更准确的珊格匹配。
  ceres_scan_matcher = {
    occupied_space_weight = 1.,
    intensity_space_weight = 1., --okagv 
    translation_weight = 10.,
    rotation_weight = 40.,
    ceres_solver_options = {
      use_nonmonotonic_steps = false,
      max_num_iterations = 20,
      num_threads = 1,
    },
  },

  motion_filter = {
    max_time_seconds = 5.,
    max_distance_meters = 0.2,
    max_angle_radians = math.rad(1.),
  },

  -- TODO(schwoere,wohe): Remove this constant. This is only kept for ROS.
  imu_gravity_time_constant = 10.,
  pose_extrapolator = {
    use_imu_based = false,
    constant_velocity = {
      imu_gravity_time_constant = 10.,
      pose_queue_duration = 0.001,
    },
    imu_based = {
      pose_queue_duration = 5.,
      gravity_constant = 9.806,
      pose_translation_weight = 1.,
      pose_rotation_weight = 1.,
      imu_acceleration_weight = 1.,
      imu_rotation_weight = 1.,
      odometry_translation_weight = 1.,
      odometry_rotation_weight = 1.,
      solver_options = {
        use_nonmonotonic_steps = false;
        max_num_iterations = 10;
        num_threads = 1;
      },
    },
  },

  submaps = {
    num_range_data = 90,
    grid_options_2d = {
      grid_type = "PROBABILITY_GRID",
      resolution = 0.05,
    },
    range_data_inserter = {
      range_data_inserter_type = "PROBABILITY_GRID_INSERTER_2D",
      probability_grid_range_data_inserter = {
        insert_free_space = true,
        hit_probability = 0.55,
        miss_probability = 0.49,
      },
      tsdf_range_data_inserter = {
        truncation_distance = 0.3,
        maximum_weight = 10.,
        update_free_space = false,
        normal_estimation_options = {
          num_normal_samples = 4,
          sample_radius = 0.5,
        },
        project_sdf_distance_to_scan_normal = true,
        update_weight_range_exponent = 0,
        update_weight_angle_scan_normal_to_ray_kernel_bandwidth = 0.5,
        update_weight_distance_cell_to_hit_kernel_bandwidth = 0.5,
      },
    },
  },
}

后端参数文件

pose_graph.lua

-- Copyright 2016 The Cartographer Authors
--
-- Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-- you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-- You may obtain a copy of the License at
--
--      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
--
-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-- limitations under the License.

POSE_GRAPH = {
  optimize_every_n_nodes = 90,
  optimize_every_meter = 0.5, --okagv
  constraint_builder = {
    sampling_ratio = 0.3,
    max_constraint_distance = 15.,
    min_score = 0.55,
    global_localization_min_score = 0.6,
    loop_closure_translation_weight = 1.1e4,
    loop_closure_rotation_weight = 1e5,
    log_matches = true,
    max_match_variety_distance = 2.,

    fast_correlative_scan_matcher = {
      linear_search_window = 7.,
      angular_search_window = math.rad(30.),
      branch_and_bound_depth = 7,
    },
    ceres_scan_matcher = {
      occupied_space_weight = 20.,
      intensity_space_weight = 1.,
      translation_weight = 10.,
      rotation_weight = 1.,
      ceres_solver_options = {
        use_nonmonotonic_steps = true,
        max_num_iterations = 10,
        num_threads = 1,
      },
    },
    fast_correlative_scan_matcher_3d = {
      branch_and_bound_depth = 8,
      full_resolution_depth = 3,
      min_rotational_score = 0.77,
      min_low_resolution_score = 0.55,
      linear_xy_search_window = 5.,
      linear_z_search_window = 1.,
      angular_search_window = math.rad(15.),
    },
    ceres_scan_matcher_3d = {
      occupied_space_weight_0 = 5.,
      occupied_space_weight_1 = 30.,
      translation_weight = 10.,
      rotation_weight = 1.,
      only_optimize_yaw = false,
      ceres_solver_options = {
        use_nonmonotonic_steps = false,
        max_num_iterations = 10,
        num_threads = 1,
      },
    },
  },
  matcher_translation_weight = 5e2,
  matcher_rotation_weight = 1.6e3,
  optimization_problem = {
    huber_scale = 1e1,
    acceleration_weight = 1e3,
    rotation_weight = 3e5,
    local_slam_pose_translation_weight = 1e5,
    local_slam_pose_rotation_weight = 1e5,
    odometry_translation_weight = 1e5,
    odometry_rotation_weight = 1e5,
    fixed_frame_pose_translation_weight = 1e1,
    fixed_frame_pose_rotation_weight = 1e2,
    fixed_frame_pose_use_tolerant_loss = false,
    fixed_frame_pose_tolerant_loss_param_a = 1,
    fixed_frame_pose_tolerant_loss_param_b = 1,
    log_solver_summary = false,
    use_online_imu_extrinsics_in_3d = true,
    fix_z_in_3d = false,
    ceres_solver_options = {
      use_nonmonotonic_steps = false,
      max_num_iterations = 50,
      num_threads = 7,
    },
  },
  max_num_final_iterations = 200,
  global_sampling_ratio = 0.003,
  log_residual_histograms = true,
  global_constraint_search_after_n_seconds = 10.,
  local_constraint_search_after_n_seconds = 2.,
    overlapping_submaps_trimmer_2d = {
      fresh_submaps_count = 1,
      min_covered_area = 2,
      min_added_submaps_count = 5,
      loop_check_seconds = 5,
    },
}