前后端编程语言杂谈

前后端编程语言杂谈
参考文献链接
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/NfkPxf-3gJURE2TIbM6InA
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/jjT0x99ht8xtfWmzL-0R1A
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/YAhX5895meSHENZSAe184w
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/DJzKXDYz4fD8zc1Ln_dK7g
C++20 以 Bazel & Clang 开始
C++20 如何以 Bazel & Clang 进行构建呢？
本节将介绍：
• Bazel[1] 构建系统的安装
• LLVM[2] 编译系统的安装
 Clang[3] is an “LLVM native” C/C++/Objective-C compiler
• Bazel Clang 工具链的配置
• C++20 库与应用的构建
示例可见：https://github.com/ikuokuo/start-cpp20
Ubuntu 20 上进行的实践，Windows 可以用 WSL 准备环境。
安装 Bazel，以二进制方式
Bazelisk[4] 是安装 Bazel 的推荐方式，安装二进制发布[5]即可：
cd ~
wget https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazelisk/releases/download/v1.12.0/bazelisk-linux-amd64 -O bazelisk-1.12.0-linux-amd64
chmod a+x bazelisk-*

sudo ln -s $(pwd)/bazelisk-1.12.0-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/bazel

touch WORKSPACE

国内下载 Bazel 可能遇到如下问题，配置 .bazeliskrc 解决

could not resolve the version ‘latest’ to an actual version number

https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazelisk/issues/220

cat <<-EOF > .bazeliskrc
BAZELISK_BASE_URL=https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/releases/download
USE_BAZEL_VERSION=5.2.0
EOF

bazel version
更多方式，可见官方文档[6]。进一步，推荐安装 buildtools[7]，下载后软链一下：
sudo ln -s $(pwd)/buildifier-5.1.0-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/buildifier
sudo ln -s $(pwd)/buildozer-5.1.0-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/buildozer
Bazel 如何构建 C++ 项目，可见 Start Bazel[8] 笔记。
安装 LLVM，以源码方式
Clang 有关 std::fromat 文本格式化的特性，默认未开启：
The paper is implemented but still marked as an incomplete feature (the feature-test macro is not set and the libary is only available when built with LIBCXX_ENABLE_INCOMPLETE_FEATURES). Not yet implemented LWG-issues will cause API and ABI breakage.
C++20 特性，编译器支持情况：
• C++ compiler support[9]
• libc++ C++20 Status[10]
因此，这里以源码方式安装 LLVM，需要构建 Clang & libc++：
• Building Clang[11]
• Building libc++[12]
git clone -b llvmorg-14.0.6 --depth 1 https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git

cd llvm-project
mkdir _build
cd _build

llvm install path, such as /usr/local/llvm

LLVM_PREFIX=$HOME/Apps/llvm-14.0.6

cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$LLVM_PREFIX
-DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS=clang
-DLLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES=“libcxx;libcxxabi”
-DLIBCXX_ENABLE_INCOMPLETE_FEATURES=ON
…/llvm

make -jnproc
make install

sudo ln -s $LLVM_PREFIX /usr/local/llvm

cat <<-EOF >> ~/.bashrc

llvm

export LLVM_HOME=/usr/local/llvm
export PATH=$LLVM_HOME/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LLVM_HOME/lib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
EOF

llvm-config --version
clang --version
LLVM_PREFIX 安装路径自己决定。最后，编译测试：
cat <<-EOF > hello.cc
#include
#include

int main() {
std::string message = std::format(“The answer is {}.”, 42);
std::cout << message << std::endl;
}
EOF

clang++ -std=c++20 -stdlib=libc++ hello.cc -o hello

./hello
安装 LLVM，以二进制方式
可省略该节。本节实践未用此方式，因为想开启更多 C++20 特性。这里仅作记录，有需要可参考。
方式 1. 安装二进制发布[13]：
cd ~
wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-13.0.0/clang+llvm-13.0.0-x86_64-linux-gnu-ubuntu-20.04.tar.xz
tar -xf clang+llvm-*.tar.xz

sudo ln -s $(pwd)/clang+llvm-13.0.0-x86_64-linux-gnu-ubuntu-20.04 /usr/local/llvm

cat <<-EOF >> ~/.bashrc

llvm

export LLVM_HOME=/usr/local/llvm
export PATH=$LLVM_HOME/bin:$PATH
EOF

llvm-config --version
clang --version
方式 2. 用 apt 进行安装：https://apt.llvm.org/
方式 3. 用已配好的工具链：LLVM toolchain for Bazel[14]
配置 Clang 工具链
本节依照 Bazel Tutorial: Configure C++ Toolchains[15] 步骤配置的 Clang 工具链，最后项目根目录会多如下文件：
• WORKSPACE[16]
• .bazelrc[17]
• toolchain/BUILD[18]
• toolchain/cc_toolchain_config.bzl[19]
WORKSPACE 表示 Bazel 工作区，内容空。
.bazelrc 允许 --config=clang_config 启用 Clang 工具链：

Use our custom-configured c++ toolchain.

build:clang_config --crosstool_top=//toolchain:clang_suite

Use --cpu as a differentiator.

build:clang_config --cpu=linux_x86_64

Use the default Bazel C++ toolchain to build the tools used during the build.

build:clang_config --host_crosstool_top=@bazel_tools//tools/cpp:toolchain
toolchain/BUILD 配置 Clang 工具链信息：
load(“:cc_toolchain_config.bzl”, “cc_toolchain_config”)

package(default_visibility = [“//visibility:public”])

#filegroup(name = “clang_suite”)

cc_toolchain_suite(
name = “clang_suite”,
toolchains = {
“linux_x86_64”: “:linux_x86_64_toolchain”,
},
)

filegroup(name = “empty”)

cc_toolchain(
name = “linux_x86_64_toolchain”,
toolchain_identifier = “linux_x86_64-toolchain”,
toolchain_config = “:linux_x86_64_toolchain_config”,
all_files = “:empty”,
compiler_files = “:empty”,
dwp_files = “:empty”,
linker_files = “:empty”,
objcopy_files = “:empty”,
strip_files = “:empty”,
supports_param_files = 0,
)

#filegroup(name = “linux_x86_64_toolchain_config”)

cc_toolchain_config(name = “linux_x86_64_toolchain_config”)
toolchain/cc_toolchain_config.bzl 配置 Clang 工具链规则：

C++ Toolchain Configuration

https://bazel.build/docs/cc-toolchain-config-reference

https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/blob/master/tools/build_defs/cc/action_names.bzl

load(“@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/cc:action_names.bzl”, “ACTION_NAMES”)
load(
“@bazel_tools//tools/cpp:cc_toolchain_config_lib.bzl”,
“feature”,
“flag_group”,
“flag_set”,
“tool_path”,
)

all_compile_actions = [
ACTION_NAMES.c_compile,
ACTION_NAMES.cpp_compile,
ACTION_NAMES.linkstamp_compile,
ACTION_NAMES.assemble,
ACTION_NAMES.preprocess_assemble,
ACTION_NAMES.cpp_header_parsing,
ACTION_NAMES.cpp_module_compile,
ACTION_NAMES.cpp_module_codegen,
]

all_link_actions = [
ACTION_NAMES.cpp_link_executable,
ACTION_NAMES.cpp_link_dynamic_library,
ACTION_NAMES.cpp_link_nodeps_dynamic_library,
]

def _impl(ctx):
llvm_version = “14.0.6”
llvm_prefix = “/home/john/Apps/llvm-{}”.format(llvm_version)
llvm_bindir = llvm_prefix + “/bin”

tool_paths = [
    tool_path(
        name = "gcc",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/clang",
    ),
    tool_path(
        name = "ld",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/ld.lld",
    ),
    tool_path(
        name = "ar",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/llvm-ar",
    ),
    tool_path(
        name = "cpp",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/clang-cpp",
    ),
    tool_path(
        name = "gcov",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/llvm-cov",
    ),
    tool_path(
        name = "nm",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/llvm-nm",
    ),
    tool_path(
        name = "objdump",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/llvm-objdump",
    ),
    tool_path(
        name = "strip",
        path = llvm_bindir + "/llvm-strip",
    ),
]

features = [
    feature(
        name = "default_compiler_flags",
        enabled = True,
        flag_sets = [
            flag_set(
                actions = all_compile_actions,
                flag_groups = ([
                    flag_group(
                        flags = [
                            "-O2", "-DNDEBUG",
                            "-Wall", "-Wextra", "-Wpedantic", "-fPIC",
                            "-std=c++20", "-stdlib=libc++",
                        ],
                    ),
                ]),
            ),
        ],
    ),
    feature(
        name = "default_linker_flags",
        enabled = True,
        flag_sets = [
            flag_set(
                actions = all_link_actions,
                flag_groups = ([
                    flag_group(
                        flags = [
                            "-lc++", "-lc++abi",
                            "-lm", "-ldl", "-lpthread",
                        ],
                    ),
                ]),
            ),
        ],
    ),
]

return cc_common.create_cc_toolchain_config_in